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<p>The sustainable production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from renewable biowaste would reduce environmental burden and expand green nanotechnology applications. This study reports a hydrothermal extraction route that avoids external chemical reductants, thereby enabling duck-feather keratin to function intrinsically as both a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of stable, bioactive AgNPs. Extraction was verified using the Lowry assay and SDS–PAGE, confirming preservation of protein content needed for metal coordination. One-factor-at-a-time optimization identified pH 11, 70&#xa0;°C, 30&#xa0;mL extract per 1&#xa0;mM Ag⁺ reaction, and a 24&#xa0;h duration as optimal conditions, producing uniform spherical nanoparticles having an average (11&#xa0;nm) with excellent dispersion and long-term optical stability. Characterization by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM–EDX confirmed Ag⁺ reduction, keratin capping, and crystalline face-centered cubic Ag formation. TGA–DTA showed improved thermal stability, while BET surface area increased from 1.55 to 6.32 m<sup>2</sup>·g⁻<sup>1</sup> after nanoparticle incorporation, indicating enhanced mesoporosity. The synthesized duck-feather keratin silver nanoparticles (DFKSN) demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and potent antibacterial performance, with DDT, MIC, and MBC assays confirming both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanoparticles also promoted cytocompatibility in human skin fibroblasts cell (HSF1184) at a dose of 3.0&#xa0;mg.mL<sup>−1</sup>. These findings highlight hydrothermally processed keratin as a scalable, waste-valorizing route for sustainable and eco-friendly nanomaterial production.</p>

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Hydrothermal duck-feather keratin as a reagent-free bioreductant and capping matrix for bioactive silver nanoparticles

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • Mustapha Salisu Muhammad,
  • Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman,
  • Mohd Hafiz Puteh,
  • Mustafa Kamal,
  • Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof,
  • Nik Ahmad Nizam Nik Malek,
  • Roziana Kamaludin,
  • Yusuf Olabode Raji,
  • Siti Maryam Jasman,
  • Ojo Samuel,
  • C. M. Liew,
  • A. P. Parvin,
  • Nurul Huda,
  • Tutuk Djoko Kusworo

摘要

The sustainable production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from renewable biowaste would reduce environmental burden and expand green nanotechnology applications. This study reports a hydrothermal extraction route that avoids external chemical reductants, thereby enabling duck-feather keratin to function intrinsically as both a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of stable, bioactive AgNPs. Extraction was verified using the Lowry assay and SDS–PAGE, confirming preservation of protein content needed for metal coordination. One-factor-at-a-time optimization identified pH 11, 70 °C, 30 mL extract per 1 mM Ag⁺ reaction, and a 24 h duration as optimal conditions, producing uniform spherical nanoparticles having an average (11 nm) with excellent dispersion and long-term optical stability. Characterization by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, and SEM–EDX confirmed Ag⁺ reduction, keratin capping, and crystalline face-centered cubic Ag formation. TGA–DTA showed improved thermal stability, while BET surface area increased from 1.55 to 6.32 m2·g⁻1 after nanoparticle incorporation, indicating enhanced mesoporosity. The synthesized duck-feather keratin silver nanoparticles (DFKSN) demonstrated strong antioxidant activity and potent antibacterial performance, with DDT, MIC, and MBC assays confirming both bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The nanoparticles also promoted cytocompatibility in human skin fibroblasts cell (HSF1184) at a dose of 3.0 mg.mL−1. These findings highlight hydrothermally processed keratin as a scalable, waste-valorizing route for sustainable and eco-friendly nanomaterial production.