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<p>This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a fluid-based spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic–thermal (BSPVT) system using a TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofluid filter. A modular setup was developed comprising a hinged mild steel frame to accommodate the PV panel and fluid filter, a circulation system for controlled fluid flow, and integrated instrumentation for monitoring thermal and electrical performance under outdoor solar conditions. The TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofluid (0.04%&#xa0;w/w) was selected as the filter medium for its c-Si responsive range transparency and near-infrared absorption, enabling spectral separation and dual energy harvesting. Experimental trials conducted at Daman, India (20.41°&#xa0;N, 72.86°&#xa0;E), during April 2025, demonstrated that the nanofluid filter reduced PV surface temperature by 12–15&#xa0;°C compared to baseline, stabilized electrical efficiency at 7.4–9.4% during midday, and achieved thermal efficiencies of 45–67%, resulting in overall efficiencies exceeding 70% during peak hours. While a marginal reduction in early-hour electrical output was observed, this was offset by significant thermal energy gains. The results confirm the suitability of TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofluids as spectral filters and establish the developed rig as a reliable platform for long-term experimental studies on BSPVT systems. The developed experimental platform provides a scalable and flexible foundation for long-term outdoor studies, enabling future investigations on alternative nanofluids, flow rates, filter path lengths, and year-round performance assessment of BSPVT systems.</p>

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Experimental investigation of a TiO2 nanofluid spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic-thermal system under outdoor conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月2日

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  • Pushparaj Jiwanapurkar,
  • Hitesh Bhargav,
  • Chandrakant Sonawane,
  • Choon Kit Chan,
  • Deekshant Varsheny,
  • Saurav Dixit

摘要

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a fluid-based spectral beam-splitting photovoltaic–thermal (BSPVT) system using a TiO2 nanofluid filter. A modular setup was developed comprising a hinged mild steel frame to accommodate the PV panel and fluid filter, a circulation system for controlled fluid flow, and integrated instrumentation for monitoring thermal and electrical performance under outdoor solar conditions. The TiO2 nanofluid (0.04% w/w) was selected as the filter medium for its c-Si responsive range transparency and near-infrared absorption, enabling spectral separation and dual energy harvesting. Experimental trials conducted at Daman, India (20.41° N, 72.86° E), during April 2025, demonstrated that the nanofluid filter reduced PV surface temperature by 12–15 °C compared to baseline, stabilized electrical efficiency at 7.4–9.4% during midday, and achieved thermal efficiencies of 45–67%, resulting in overall efficiencies exceeding 70% during peak hours. While a marginal reduction in early-hour electrical output was observed, this was offset by significant thermal energy gains. The results confirm the suitability of TiO2 nanofluids as spectral filters and establish the developed rig as a reliable platform for long-term experimental studies on BSPVT systems. The developed experimental platform provides a scalable and flexible foundation for long-term outdoor studies, enabling future investigations on alternative nanofluids, flow rates, filter path lengths, and year-round performance assessment of BSPVT systems.