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Background <p>Migraine is globally more prevalent in females; however, the clinical and social burden among males remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and social burden of migraine in Japanese males to identify sex-specific migraine profiles.</p> Methods <p>A cross-sectional, population-based web survey was conducted among Japanese adults aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with migraine according to modified criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition (ICHD-3). Participants were grouped by sex; females diagnosed with menstrual migraine (MM) were excluded to minimize hormonal confounding. Key outcomes included pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]), pain duration, and social burden assessed using validated instruments: Migraine Interictal Burden Scale (MIBS-4), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ), and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment for Migraine (WPAI-M) scores.</p> Results <p>Of 266,392 individuals screened, 18,750 completed the survey; 4,161 males and 9,997 females (excluding those with MM) were included in the analysis. Males were older (mean± standard deviation age: 43.9 ± 12.4 vs. 40.9 ± 12.2 years) and reported more lifestyle-related triggers (e.g., alcohol, irregular eating, and overexercise). Males, compared to females, experienced greater pain intensity (VAS: 57.1 ± 16.7 vs. 54.9 ± 19.6; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) but shorter pain duration (6.3 ± 9.4 vs. 7.9 ± 12.4&#xa0;h; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). MIDAS scores were comparable (6.3 ± 10.8 vs. 6.0 ± 9.6; <i>p</i> = 0.283), while MIBS-4 scores were higher in males (4.0 ± 3.5 vs. 3.3 ± 3.3; <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). MSQ scores were lower in males for domains of interference (83.5 ± 20.0 vs. 85.4 ± 18.3; <i>p</i> = 0.001) and emotional function (80.2 ± 20.9 vs. 81.8 ± 20.3; <i>p</i> = 0.007). Work-related impairment was more pronounced in males than in females, with higher absenteeism (4.7 ± 14.1 vs. 3.4 ± 12.7; <i>p =</i> 0.001), presenteeism (31.5 ± 22.9 vs. 29.5 ± 23.1; <i>p</i> = 0.007), and overall work impairment (33.6 ± 24.6 vs. 30.9 ± 24.3; <i>p =</i> 0.001). Preventive medication use was higher in males (oral: 40.8% vs. 34.3%; injectables: 3.3% vs. 1.7%).</p> Conclusion <p>Males with migraine exhibited a greater burden in terms of pain intensity and functional impairment relative to females without MM. These findings support the development of sex-specific and individualized management strategies that incorporate both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to reduce disease burden and enhance patient-centered care.</p> Trial registration <p>Not applicable.</p>

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Clinical and social burden of migraine in Japanese males: a cross-sectional comparison with females without menstrual migraine

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月28日

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  • Tsubasa Takizawa,
  • Keiko Ihara,
  • Reiko Yoshikawa,
  • Kanae Togo,
  • Takahiro Kitano,
  • Masahiro Iijima

摘要

Background

Migraine is globally more prevalent in females; however, the clinical and social burden among males remains insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to describe the clinical features and social burden of migraine in Japanese males to identify sex-specific migraine profiles.

Methods

A cross-sectional, population-based web survey was conducted among Japanese adults aged ≥ 18 years diagnosed with migraine according to modified criteria from the International Classification of Headache Disorders, Third Edition (ICHD-3). Participants were grouped by sex; females diagnosed with menstrual migraine (MM) were excluded to minimize hormonal confounding. Key outcomes included pain intensity (Visual Analog Scale [VAS]), pain duration, and social burden assessed using validated instruments: Migraine Interictal Burden Scale (MIBS-4), Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS), Migraine-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MSQ), and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment for Migraine (WPAI-M) scores.

Results

Of 266,392 individuals screened, 18,750 completed the survey; 4,161 males and 9,997 females (excluding those with MM) were included in the analysis. Males were older (mean± standard deviation age: 43.9 ± 12.4 vs. 40.9 ± 12.2 years) and reported more lifestyle-related triggers (e.g., alcohol, irregular eating, and overexercise). Males, compared to females, experienced greater pain intensity (VAS: 57.1 ± 16.7 vs. 54.9 ± 19.6; p < 0.001) but shorter pain duration (6.3 ± 9.4 vs. 7.9 ± 12.4 h; p < 0.001). MIDAS scores were comparable (6.3 ± 10.8 vs. 6.0 ± 9.6; p = 0.283), while MIBS-4 scores were higher in males (4.0 ± 3.5 vs. 3.3 ± 3.3; p < 0.001). MSQ scores were lower in males for domains of interference (83.5 ± 20.0 vs. 85.4 ± 18.3; p = 0.001) and emotional function (80.2 ± 20.9 vs. 81.8 ± 20.3; p = 0.007). Work-related impairment was more pronounced in males than in females, with higher absenteeism (4.7 ± 14.1 vs. 3.4 ± 12.7; p = 0.001), presenteeism (31.5 ± 22.9 vs. 29.5 ± 23.1; p = 0.007), and overall work impairment (33.6 ± 24.6 vs. 30.9 ± 24.3; p = 0.001). Preventive medication use was higher in males (oral: 40.8% vs. 34.3%; injectables: 3.3% vs. 1.7%).

Conclusion

Males with migraine exhibited a greater burden in terms of pain intensity and functional impairment relative to females without MM. These findings support the development of sex-specific and individualized management strategies that incorporate both pharmacological and lifestyle interventions to reduce disease burden and enhance patient-centered care.

Trial registration

Not applicable.