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<p>Due to the increasing interest in bamboo as a construction material, addressing its geometric variation along the culm and the gradient fiber distribution across the wall thickness is essential to develop standardized products for large-scale use. One option is the flattening–densification process, in which the curved material is pressed into prismatic panels that can be stacked and glued in multiple layers. This study assessed the effect of orientation and side arrangement on the physical and mechanical properties of two-layer densified panels, varying both the alignment of fibers (parallel or perpendicular) and the contact face with the adhesive (inner or outer layers with pith ring and skin). After 576&#xa0;h of water immersion, panels glued in parallel with inner layers facing each other had the lowest water absorption (36.22%), whereas parallel panels glued with outer layers showed higher water absorption and thickness swelling (45.86 and 35.74%, respectively). Flexural strength was greater in parallel-aligned panels, with the highest value observed in the inner–inner configuration (200.3&#xa0;MPa). The modulus of elasticity of parallel panels (average 20.9 GPa) was up to eight times higher than that of perpendicular panels (average 2.6 GPa). In shear tests, failure occurred along the glue line for parallel panels (up to 7.16&#xa0;MPa) and by tension perpendicular to fibers in perpendicular panels (up to 5.28&#xa0;MPa). Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that adhesive penetration into the bamboo interphase occurred only in parallel panels glued with inner layers, while in other configurations the adhesive remained mostly on the surface (adhesive interphase or bamboo–adhesive interphase). These findings highlight how orientation and layer arrangement govern adhesive penetration and, consequently, the performance of engineered bamboo panels.</p>

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Investigation of the effect of orientations and different side arrangements of glued flattened-densified bamboo panels on physical and mechanical properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月20日

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  • Abasalt Tarverdi,
  • Marzieh Kadivar,
  • Leo Maia do Amaral,
  • Sara Kadivar,
  • André Luiz Pereira de Godoy Jr.,
  • Mostafa Nabizadeh,
  • Carlos Alexandre Fioroni,
  • Holmer Savastano Jr.

摘要

Due to the increasing interest in bamboo as a construction material, addressing its geometric variation along the culm and the gradient fiber distribution across the wall thickness is essential to develop standardized products for large-scale use. One option is the flattening–densification process, in which the curved material is pressed into prismatic panels that can be stacked and glued in multiple layers. This study assessed the effect of orientation and side arrangement on the physical and mechanical properties of two-layer densified panels, varying both the alignment of fibers (parallel or perpendicular) and the contact face with the adhesive (inner or outer layers with pith ring and skin). After 576 h of water immersion, panels glued in parallel with inner layers facing each other had the lowest water absorption (36.22%), whereas parallel panels glued with outer layers showed higher water absorption and thickness swelling (45.86 and 35.74%, respectively). Flexural strength was greater in parallel-aligned panels, with the highest value observed in the inner–inner configuration (200.3 MPa). The modulus of elasticity of parallel panels (average 20.9 GPa) was up to eight times higher than that of perpendicular panels (average 2.6 GPa). In shear tests, failure occurred along the glue line for parallel panels (up to 7.16 MPa) and by tension perpendicular to fibers in perpendicular panels (up to 5.28 MPa). Scanning electron microscope analysis revealed that adhesive penetration into the bamboo interphase occurred only in parallel panels glued with inner layers, while in other configurations the adhesive remained mostly on the surface (adhesive interphase or bamboo–adhesive interphase). These findings highlight how orientation and layer arrangement govern adhesive penetration and, consequently, the performance of engineered bamboo panels.