Abstract <p>The biotechnological potential of microalgae represents a uniquely versatile platform due to the combination of their inherent biological properties, which make these organisms highly promising for a wide range of applications. Microalgae are a compelling alternative to bacterial and yeast biotechnological systems: they retain the advantages of unicellular platforms while simultaneously possessing the ability for autotrophic growth, ensuring a continuous supply of substrate and energy for biosynthesis. This dual nature enables the development of new, more economically favorable biotechnological processes within relatively short time frames. Microalgae offer a more cost-effective route for the large-scale production of many compounds, particularly when low production costs and high output volumes are required. This review summarizes recent data on the microbiological aspects of the biotechnological use of <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>, highlighting current parameters for high-efficiency cultivation and the physiological and metabolic mechanisms underlying process optimization.</p>