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Abstract <p>The spatiotemporal variation in the wing length (WL) of pied flycatchers breeding near the Middle Ural copper smelter (MUCS) and in the background area was analyzed in 1996–2023, a period of significant reduction in industrial emissions. Females and males were on average smaller near MUCS than in the background area probably due to forcing the low-quality individuals into suboptimal (polluted) habitats. Yearlings had shorter wings than older birds. WL of males increased with increasing melanization of the upper body. Mean WL and proportion of old individuals among breeding birds increased over the study period. The body size of partners in breeding pairs did not correlate. The larger breeding birds, the earlier they started egg laying and the more eggs and fledglings produced.</p>

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Wing Length Variation in Pied Flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca (PALL.) Breeding in the Vicinity of the Middle Ural Copper Smelter

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月1日

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  • E. A. Bel’skii,
  • A. G. Lyakhov

摘要

Abstract

The spatiotemporal variation in the wing length (WL) of pied flycatchers breeding near the Middle Ural copper smelter (MUCS) and in the background area was analyzed in 1996–2023, a period of significant reduction in industrial emissions. Females and males were on average smaller near MUCS than in the background area probably due to forcing the low-quality individuals into suboptimal (polluted) habitats. Yearlings had shorter wings than older birds. WL of males increased with increasing melanization of the upper body. Mean WL and proportion of old individuals among breeding birds increased over the study period. The body size of partners in breeding pairs did not correlate. The larger breeding birds, the earlier they started egg laying and the more eggs and fledglings produced.