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Abstract <p>Humin isolated from Ajloun forest Vertisol soil (Jordan) was extracted, purified and comprehensively characterised (elemental analysis, FT-IR, solid-/solution-state <sup>13</sup>C-NMR, XRD, TGA, BET and SEM) to evaluate its suitability as a low-cost biosorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous media. The material exhibits a Type III pore network (BET 7.8 m<sup>2</sup>/g; dominant pores 24–55 Å) enriched in carboxyl- and phenolic-oxygen sites. Batch experiments (pH 4–6; 25–45°C) showed rapid pseudo-second-order uptake with Langmuir capacities up to 59.5 mg/g for Ni(II) and 51.3 mg/g for Pb(II); separation factors (0.037 ≤ <i>R</i><sub>L</sub> ≤ 0.503) confirmed favorable sorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed endothermic, entropy-driven processes (Δ<i>H</i>° 97–736 kJ/mol; Δ<i>S</i>° 0.28–2.43 kJ/mol K), with spontaneous binding of Pb(II) and Cd(II) above pH 5. Fixed-bed tests (1000 mg/L, 1 mL/min) ranked instantaneous uptake Pb &gt; Cu &gt; Zn &gt; Ni &gt; Cd, reflecting hydration-controlled kinetics; &gt;96% of all metals were recovered with 0.1 M HNO<sub>3</sub>, indicating excellent regenerability. Compared with recent humic and biochar analogues, Ajloun humin offers equal or higher capacities at lower reagent demand, supporting a two-stage, pH- and temperature-tuned workflow for sustainable Mediterranean wastewater treatment.</p>

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Biosorption of Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II), and Zn(II) Using Forest-Derived Humin from Semi-Arid Soil: Thermodynamic Optimization and Reusability for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月12日

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  • F. I. Khalili,
  • O. A. Alnasra,
  • S. A. Al-Momani

摘要

Abstract

Humin isolated from Ajloun forest Vertisol soil (Jordan) was extracted, purified and comprehensively characterised (elemental analysis, FT-IR, solid-/solution-state 13C-NMR, XRD, TGA, BET and SEM) to evaluate its suitability as a low-cost biosorbent for Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II) removal from aqueous media. The material exhibits a Type III pore network (BET 7.8 m2/g; dominant pores 24–55 Å) enriched in carboxyl- and phenolic-oxygen sites. Batch experiments (pH 4–6; 25–45°C) showed rapid pseudo-second-order uptake with Langmuir capacities up to 59.5 mg/g for Ni(II) and 51.3 mg/g for Pb(II); separation factors (0.037 ≤ RL ≤ 0.503) confirmed favorable sorption. Thermodynamic analysis revealed endothermic, entropy-driven processes (ΔH° 97–736 kJ/mol; ΔS° 0.28–2.43 kJ/mol K), with spontaneous binding of Pb(II) and Cd(II) above pH 5. Fixed-bed tests (1000 mg/L, 1 mL/min) ranked instantaneous uptake Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd, reflecting hydration-controlled kinetics; >96% of all metals were recovered with 0.1 M HNO3, indicating excellent regenerability. Compared with recent humic and biochar analogues, Ajloun humin offers equal or higher capacities at lower reagent demand, supporting a two-stage, pH- and temperature-tuned workflow for sustainable Mediterranean wastewater treatment.