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<b>Abstract</b>— <p>International soil classification system—<i>World Reference Base for Soil Resources</i>—has been published every eight years since 1998, and in each version the number, content, and status of qualifiers was changing. According to the WRB principles, qualifiers, both Principal and Supplementary, reflect soil-forming processes. Analysis of all qualifiers (281) in the latest version of 2022 showed the priority of diagnostic horizons as criteria for identifying both categories of qualifiers, as well as of chemical soil properties. Among anthropogenic qualifiers, technogenic ones are more numerous and diverse. The number of qualifiers is maximum in soils, scattered over the world (Technosols, Cambisols, Gleysols) and minimum in strictly geographically localized soils (Nitisols). Based on their relation to soils, qualifiers are subdivided into universal, identified in almost any soil (by texture, or gley properties), and unique, characteristic of individual soils. The function of the Principal qualifiers is to create a central image of the Reference Soil Group; however, their number can be excessive. Most similar in terms of the set of Principal qualifiers were the pairs of Reference groups: Stagnosols and Planosols, Calcisol and Gypsisol, Alisols and Acrisols, which is due to the similarity of the processes that form them. The Reference groups Histosols and Gleysols are characterized by the most unique set of Principal qualifiers. In constructing the names of qualifiers, in addition to Latin and Greek morphems, formative elements from 26 world languages were involved. As an example of approaches to the analysis of qualifiers, the Podzols Reference Soil Group is considered.</p>

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Qualifiers in the International Soil Classification System WRB-2022: Composition, Connotation, Functions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年1月1日

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  • M. I. Gerasimova,
  • M. A. Smirnova

摘要

Abstract—

International soil classification system—World Reference Base for Soil Resources—has been published every eight years since 1998, and in each version the number, content, and status of qualifiers was changing. According to the WRB principles, qualifiers, both Principal and Supplementary, reflect soil-forming processes. Analysis of all qualifiers (281) in the latest version of 2022 showed the priority of diagnostic horizons as criteria for identifying both categories of qualifiers, as well as of chemical soil properties. Among anthropogenic qualifiers, technogenic ones are more numerous and diverse. The number of qualifiers is maximum in soils, scattered over the world (Technosols, Cambisols, Gleysols) and minimum in strictly geographically localized soils (Nitisols). Based on their relation to soils, qualifiers are subdivided into universal, identified in almost any soil (by texture, or gley properties), and unique, characteristic of individual soils. The function of the Principal qualifiers is to create a central image of the Reference Soil Group; however, their number can be excessive. Most similar in terms of the set of Principal qualifiers were the pairs of Reference groups: Stagnosols and Planosols, Calcisol and Gypsisol, Alisols and Acrisols, which is due to the similarity of the processes that form them. The Reference groups Histosols and Gleysols are characterized by the most unique set of Principal qualifiers. In constructing the names of qualifiers, in addition to Latin and Greek morphems, formative elements from 26 world languages were involved. As an example of approaches to the analysis of qualifiers, the Podzols Reference Soil Group is considered.