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Abstract <p>Genomic changes, including the emergence of multiple paralogs of regulatory genes with diverging functions, form the foundation of phenotypic transformations in evolution. Such events are most likely to be traceable in phylogenetically basal groups, which among vertebrates include jawless vertebrates (cyclostomes) and ancient jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes)—cartilaginous fishes. In the present study, we investigated the phylogeny, local genomic synteny, and spatial expression patterns of the <i>chordin-like2</i> gene in the river lamprey <i>Lampetra fluviatilis</i>, a representative of cyclostomes, and compared it with the <i>chordin-like</i> gene of the gray catshark, a representative of cartilaginous fishes, the basal clade of gnathostomes. We found that <i>chordin-like</i> genes in lampreys and cartilaginous fishes are not orthologous but instead illustrate a case of hidden paralogy. The <i>chordin-like2</i> gene identified in lampreys represents an ancient Bilateria gene, being present in the genomes of some protostomes. In lamprey, <i>chordin-like2</i> activity is observed at prelarval stages and is associated with the development of specific structures, including the endostyle and the tail bud, which markedly distinguishes it from the <i>chordin-like1</i> gene of gnathostomes. Analysis of local genomic synteny indicates that <i>chordin-like1</i>, a novel gene of gnathostomes, may have arisen through duplication of <i>chordin-like2</i>.</p>

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Chordin-Like2 Is an Ancient Bilateria Gene Involved in the Development of the Endostyle and Tail Bud in Lamprey Prelarvae

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • G. V. Ermakova,
  • A. G. Zaraisky,
  • A. V. Bayramov

摘要

Abstract

Genomic changes, including the emergence of multiple paralogs of regulatory genes with diverging functions, form the foundation of phenotypic transformations in evolution. Such events are most likely to be traceable in phylogenetically basal groups, which among vertebrates include jawless vertebrates (cyclostomes) and ancient jawed vertebrates (gnathostomes)—cartilaginous fishes. In the present study, we investigated the phylogeny, local genomic synteny, and spatial expression patterns of the chordin-like2 gene in the river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, a representative of cyclostomes, and compared it with the chordin-like gene of the gray catshark, a representative of cartilaginous fishes, the basal clade of gnathostomes. We found that chordin-like genes in lampreys and cartilaginous fishes are not orthologous but instead illustrate a case of hidden paralogy. The chordin-like2 gene identified in lampreys represents an ancient Bilateria gene, being present in the genomes of some protostomes. In lamprey, chordin-like2 activity is observed at prelarval stages and is associated with the development of specific structures, including the endostyle and the tail bud, which markedly distinguishes it from the chordin-like1 gene of gnathostomes. Analysis of local genomic synteny indicates that chordin-like1, a novel gene of gnathostomes, may have arisen through duplication of chordin-like2.