Abstract <p>Microplastic emissions to the environment increase every year. Over the past twenty years after the first publication on the study of microplastics, the problem of the global environmental pollution by synthetic materials has been confirmed, its toxicological effect has been proven at all levels of the organization of biosystems, including human health. Spectral, chromatographic, microscopic, and thermal methods of analysis are used to study microplastics. This review considers these groups of methods in the context of their application to the identification of microplastics and the determination of toxic substances associated with them.</p>