Abstract <p>The review examines modern advances in the genetics of aging and life span. The key molecular mechanisms regulating aging processes at the genetic level are analyzed, including signaling pathways and longevity genes identified in studies on model organisms and through genome analysis of long-lived species. Special attention is given to the insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway, the role of the FOXO transcription factor, DNA repair systems, epigenetic regulation, and modulation of mTOR and AMPK kinase activity. Results of experimental studies on increasing the life span of model organisms through genetic manipulations and combined approaches are presented. Promising directions for interventions in aging processes based on the current understanding of genetic and molecular mechanisms are discussed, as well as the possibilities of developing comprehensive strategies to slow aging and prevent age-related diseases, taking into account individual genetic characteristics.</p>