Abstract <p>Wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) is a staple crop critical for global food security, yet its productivity is increasingly constrained by multiple abiotic stresses exacerbated by climate change. Key stressors include heat, drought, salinity, cold and waterlogging, each of which disrupt physiological, biochemical and developmental processes. Heat stress accelerates phenology, impairs photosynthesis and damages reproductive tissues, leading to reduced grain set and yield. Drought limits water uptake, reduces leaf turgor and photosynthetic efficiency, disrupts nutrient assimilation, and induces oxidative stress, collectively decreasing growth and grain quality. Salinity imposes osmotic and ionic challenges, causing oxidative damage and impaired reproductive development. Cold stress disrupts vegetative and reproductive growth, reduces photosynthetic capacity, induces membrane injury, and impairs root function, ultimately limiting germination, seedling vigor and yield. Waterlogging and flooding reduce soil oxygen availability, impair root respiration, limit ATP synthesis, and promote reactive oxygen species accumulation, resulting in reduced nutrient uptake, leaf senescence, and yield loss. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the effects of these abiotic stresses on wheat, elucidating their physiological and biochemical impacts. Understanding these stress responses is essential for maintaining wheat productivity under increasingly variable and extreme environmental conditions.</p>