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Abstract <p>This study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and salicylic acid (SA) on artemisinin production in <i>Artemisia annua</i> L., the compound with bioactivity against various diseases, including malaria. A range of methods have been suggested to increase artemisinin production. This research focused on enhancing artemisinin content through elicitor application. Six- week-old plants were subjected to foliar spray at different dose of nanoparticles and SA over a 96 h period. Results demonstrated that ZnO-NPs act as a stronger elicitor compared to SA; specifically, expose to 200 mg L<sup>–1</sup> ZnO-NPs for 96 h significantly increased the artemisinin content by 43.3% relative to the control. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of <i>AaWRKY1</i>, <i>AaMYB2</i>, <i>HMGR</i>, and <i>CYP71AV1</i> in response to ZnO-NPs, mediated likely through H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> signalling. Concurrently, ZnO-NPs enhanced total protein content and induced antioxidant and defence-related enzymes including SOD, CAT, POX, and PAL. In contrast, 1 mM SA modestly upregulated <i>AaWRKY1</i>, <i>AaMYB2</i>, and <i>HMGR</i>, but had negligible impact on <i>CYP71AV1</i>. This is the first report demonstrating that ZnO-NPs, as effective elicitor, do not induce oxidative damage, but instead stimulated a protective antioxidant response that facilitate redirection of metabolic flux toward enhancing the yield of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolite such as artemisinin.</p>

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Comparative Elicitation of Artemisinin in Artemisia annua L.: ZnO Nanoparticles Surpass Salicylic Acid via Antioxidant and Gene Activation Pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • A. Ayoobi,
  • A. Saboora,
  • E. Asgarani,
  • T. Effert

摘要

Abstract

This study investigated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) and salicylic acid (SA) on artemisinin production in Artemisia annua L., the compound with bioactivity against various diseases, including malaria. A range of methods have been suggested to increase artemisinin production. This research focused on enhancing artemisinin content through elicitor application. Six- week-old plants were subjected to foliar spray at different dose of nanoparticles and SA over a 96 h period. Results demonstrated that ZnO-NPs act as a stronger elicitor compared to SA; specifically, expose to 200 mg L–1 ZnO-NPs for 96 h significantly increased the artemisinin content by 43.3% relative to the control. Gene expression analysis revealed significant upregulation of AaWRKY1, AaMYB2, HMGR, and CYP71AV1 in response to ZnO-NPs, mediated likely through H2O2 signalling. Concurrently, ZnO-NPs enhanced total protein content and induced antioxidant and defence-related enzymes including SOD, CAT, POX, and PAL. In contrast, 1 mM SA modestly upregulated AaWRKY1, AaMYB2, and HMGR, but had negligible impact on CYP71AV1. This is the first report demonstrating that ZnO-NPs, as effective elicitor, do not induce oxidative damage, but instead stimulated a protective antioxidant response that facilitate redirection of metabolic flux toward enhancing the yield of pharmaceutically important secondary metabolite such as artemisinin.