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Abstract <p>Drought stress profoundly alters plant physiological and biochemical processes and can modulate secondary metabolite accumulation. We evaluated growth, water status, antioxidant-related metabolites, and expression of key genes of the rutin pathway in <i>Capparis spinosa</i> L. grown at 100, 75, 50, and 25% field capacity (FC). Severe drought (25% FC) markedly reduced shoot length, leaf number/area, and leaf biomass, but increased total phenolics and total flavonoids (mg/g DW). Because biomass declined under severe stress, the total flavonoid yield per plant decreased. Rutin concentration increased with drought, whereas quercetin decreased. qRT‑PCR showed that 50% FC maximized expression of <i>4-coumaroyl CoA ligase</i> (<i>4CL</i>), <i>flavonoid 3</i> '<i>hydroxylase</i> (<i>F3</i> '<i>H</i>), <i>flavonol synthase</i> (<i>FLS</i>), and <i>flavonol-3-O-glucoside l-rhamnosyltransferase</i> (<i>RT</i>) (3.76‑, 4.24‑, 13.05‑, and 8.61‑fold vs. control, respectively). Although 25% FC enhanced per‑gram metabolite concentrations, it strongly impaired growth. In contrast, 50% FC provided a pragmatic balance between biomass and metabolite output, suggesting that moderate, controlled water deficit can be used to improve the production of bioactive flavonoids in <i>C. spinosa</i> cultivated in arid regions.</p>

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Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptional Responses under Drought Stress in Capparis spinosa L.

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月16日

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  • A. Nowruzian,
  • A. Aalami

摘要

Abstract

Drought stress profoundly alters plant physiological and biochemical processes and can modulate secondary metabolite accumulation. We evaluated growth, water status, antioxidant-related metabolites, and expression of key genes of the rutin pathway in Capparis spinosa L. grown at 100, 75, 50, and 25% field capacity (FC). Severe drought (25% FC) markedly reduced shoot length, leaf number/area, and leaf biomass, but increased total phenolics and total flavonoids (mg/g DW). Because biomass declined under severe stress, the total flavonoid yield per plant decreased. Rutin concentration increased with drought, whereas quercetin decreased. qRT‑PCR showed that 50% FC maximized expression of 4-coumaroyl CoA ligase (4CL), flavonoid 3 'hydroxylase (F3 'H), flavonol synthase (FLS), and flavonol-3-O-glucoside l-rhamnosyltransferase (RT) (3.76‑, 4.24‑, 13.05‑, and 8.61‑fold vs. control, respectively). Although 25% FC enhanced per‑gram metabolite concentrations, it strongly impaired growth. In contrast, 50% FC provided a pragmatic balance between biomass and metabolite output, suggesting that moderate, controlled water deficit can be used to improve the production of bioactive flavonoids in C. spinosa cultivated in arid regions.