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Abstract <p>The evolution Russia’s foreign policy since 1991 is examined. The logic of foreign policy decision making is linked with features of the formation of the ruling elite’s strategic culture, changes in which are associated with domestic political processes. The dominance of the imperial approach in foreign policy was the result of the departure from the liberal-democratic transition in the mid-1990s. The concepts of a “special civilizational path of Russia,” an “anti-Western and antiliberal civilization,” and a “besieged fortress” are approved by the political elite and mass consciousness. Another factor that influenced the formation of the anti-Western position was the egoism of the unipolar American order established in the 1990s. The Russian leadership used an extensive arsenal of “soft power” and methods of “hybrid wars” to achieve its foreign policy goals, the most important of which was to reach an agreement on the delimitation of spheres of influence with the United States. “Recognizing the usefulness of military force” for the realization of foreign policy goals means abandoning the previous strategy of indirect approach to their accomplishment.</p>

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Imperial Approach of Russian Foreign Policy

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • V. I. Mikhaylenko

摘要

Abstract

The evolution Russia’s foreign policy since 1991 is examined. The logic of foreign policy decision making is linked with features of the formation of the ruling elite’s strategic culture, changes in which are associated with domestic political processes. The dominance of the imperial approach in foreign policy was the result of the departure from the liberal-democratic transition in the mid-1990s. The concepts of a “special civilizational path of Russia,” an “anti-Western and antiliberal civilization,” and a “besieged fortress” are approved by the political elite and mass consciousness. Another factor that influenced the formation of the anti-Western position was the egoism of the unipolar American order established in the 1990s. The Russian leadership used an extensive arsenal of “soft power” and methods of “hybrid wars” to achieve its foreign policy goals, the most important of which was to reach an agreement on the delimitation of spheres of influence with the United States. “Recognizing the usefulness of military force” for the realization of foreign policy goals means abandoning the previous strategy of indirect approach to their accomplishment.