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Abstract <p>In this paper, hybrid and block-pulse functions are used to approximate the solution of a class of Fredholm integro-differential equations that was first studied by Hemeda. By employing suitable approximations, the equation has been converted into a system of algebraic equations that can be solved with classical methods. Finally, the method is explained with illustrative examples and results are compared to the results obtained by Hemeda’s method to show the usefulness and efficiency of the block-pulse and hybrid functions approach.</p>

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Solving Fredholm Integro-Differential Equations Using Hybrid and Block-Pulse Functions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • A. Hosry,
  • R. Nakad,
  • S. Bhalekar

摘要

Abstract

In this paper, hybrid and block-pulse functions are used to approximate the solution of a class of Fredholm integro-differential equations that was first studied by Hemeda. By employing suitable approximations, the equation has been converted into a system of algebraic equations that can be solved with classical methods. Finally, the method is explained with illustrative examples and results are compared to the results obtained by Hemeda’s method to show the usefulness and efficiency of the block-pulse and hybrid functions approach.