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Abstract <p>Kappa distributions, which make it possible to effectively model the observed distributions of particles in cosmic and astrophysical plasma media throughout the heliosphere, are now widely used. In this paper we discuss the physical foundations and theoretical justification of kappa distributions naturally appearing within the Tsallis nonextensive statistical mechanics. These distributions provide an adequate description of rarefied plasma configurations in stationary states that are out of thermal equilibrium. The main formulas for theoretical kappa distributions are presented, and their application to studies of decaying fine-scale turbulence in cosmic plasma is briefly overviewed. It has been shown that these distributions, which follow from the Tsallis entropy functional in nonextensive statistical mechanics, provide the missing link between the empirical Vasyliunas kappa distributions and theoretical power-law models of the suprathermal characteristics of astrophysical plasma media.</p>

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Tsallis Statistics as a Theoretical Basis of the Empiric Kappa Distribution for Systems in a Stationary State out of Thermal Equilibrium

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月2日

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  • A. V. Kolesnichenko

摘要

Abstract

Kappa distributions, which make it possible to effectively model the observed distributions of particles in cosmic and astrophysical plasma media throughout the heliosphere, are now widely used. In this paper we discuss the physical foundations and theoretical justification of kappa distributions naturally appearing within the Tsallis nonextensive statistical mechanics. These distributions provide an adequate description of rarefied plasma configurations in stationary states that are out of thermal equilibrium. The main formulas for theoretical kappa distributions are presented, and their application to studies of decaying fine-scale turbulence in cosmic plasma is briefly overviewed. It has been shown that these distributions, which follow from the Tsallis entropy functional in nonextensive statistical mechanics, provide the missing link between the empirical Vasyliunas kappa distributions and theoretical power-law models of the suprathermal characteristics of astrophysical plasma media.