Abstract <p>Li<sub>1+<i>x</i></sub>Zr<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub>La<sub><i>x</i></sub> (PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (where <i>x</i> = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) solid electrolytes with a NASICON structure are synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The impact of replacing Zr<sup>4+</sup> with La<sup>3+</sup> on the morphology, ionic conductivity and structure of the parent compound LiZr<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (LZP) is examined. X-ray diffraction data of the prepared powder indicates that substituting La<sup>3+</sup> stabilizes LZP in the high conductive rhombohedral R3<sup>–</sup> c phase at normal room temperature. The introduction of lanthanum into the LZP resulted in a noticeable shift of high-intensity bands towards lower wavenumbers, along with an enhancement in the peak intensities at 472 and 490 cm<sup>–1</sup> in the Raman spectra. A significant increase in grain size and a reduction in porosity were observed, leading to a notable enhancement in relative density when La<sup>3+</sup> was substituted for Zr<sup>4+</sup> were noticed by SEM analysis. The La<sup>3+</sup> substituted LZP reveals improved ionic conductivities, achieving a higher value of 0.52 × 10<sup>–4</sup> S/cm at normal room temperature for the composition LiZrLa(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0.15). Further, measured at low operating temperatures exhibited a hike in its ionic conductivity of 0.54 × 10<sup>–3</sup> S/cm at 350°C. The enhancement in conductivity of LZP with the trivalent ion La<sup>3+</sup>, which has a similar ionic radius to Zr<sup>4+</sup> (0.72 Ǻ), is also discussed. Moreover, the activation energy of about 0.4 eV for the La<sup>3+</sup> substituted LZP with <i>x</i> = 0.15 which confirms the excellent ionic conducting properties of this solid electrolyte. Notably, the NASICON type LZP with La<sup>3+</sup> substitution (<i>x</i> = 0.15) shows commendable chemical and structural stability after being exposed to water, air, Li metal, and both acidic and basic solutions.</p>

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Enhancement in the Phase Behaviour of NASICON-Type La3+ Substituted LiZr2 (PO4)3 with Improved Ionic Conductivity as Solid Electrolyte for Solid State Batteries

  • S. Selvakumar,
  • S. C. Vella Durai,
  • N. Vanitha,
  • K. Deepalakshmi,
  • A. Alfind Paul Frit,
  • T. Sivasakthirani

摘要

Abstract

Li1+xZr2–xLax (PO4)3 (where x = 0.05, 0.10, 0.15) solid electrolytes with a NASICON structure are synthesized using the sol-gel technique. The impact of replacing Zr4+ with La3+ on the morphology, ionic conductivity and structure of the parent compound LiZr2(PO4)3 (LZP) is examined. X-ray diffraction data of the prepared powder indicates that substituting La3+ stabilizes LZP in the high conductive rhombohedral R3 c phase at normal room temperature. The introduction of lanthanum into the LZP resulted in a noticeable shift of high-intensity bands towards lower wavenumbers, along with an enhancement in the peak intensities at 472 and 490 cm–1 in the Raman spectra. A significant increase in grain size and a reduction in porosity were observed, leading to a notable enhancement in relative density when La3+ was substituted for Zr4+ were noticed by SEM analysis. The La3+ substituted LZP reveals improved ionic conductivities, achieving a higher value of 0.52 × 10–4 S/cm at normal room temperature for the composition LiZrLa(PO4)3 (x = 0.15). Further, measured at low operating temperatures exhibited a hike in its ionic conductivity of 0.54 × 10–3 S/cm at 350°C. The enhancement in conductivity of LZP with the trivalent ion La3+, which has a similar ionic radius to Zr4+ (0.72 Ǻ), is also discussed. Moreover, the activation energy of about 0.4 eV for the La3+ substituted LZP with x = 0.15 which confirms the excellent ionic conducting properties of this solid electrolyte. Notably, the NASICON type LZP with La3+ substitution (x = 0.15) shows commendable chemical and structural stability after being exposed to water, air, Li metal, and both acidic and basic solutions.