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Abstract <p>Based on the results of space monitoring using multispectral satellite data, 180 manifestations of mud volcanic fluid (MVF) on the sea surface (SS) and in the near-surface layer of the Caspian Sea in the area of the Cheleken–Livanovsk Rise in 2019–2021 have been detected and studied. For the areas of MVF manifestations, the reflectance in seven spectral bands of the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B satellite equipment in the wavelength range of 0.44–2.2 μm are analyzed. In the areas of MVF manifestations on the SS, significant positive contrasts are revealed in the violet (~0.44 μm), blue (~0.48 μm), and green (~0.56 μm) spectral bands, caused by the presence of suspended matter and gas bubbles in the near-surface layer of the water column. Mathematical expectations of Weber contrasts in these spectral bands vary in the range from <i>C</i> ~ 0.47 to <i>C</i> ~ 0.77. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and geometric characteristics of MVF manifestations and a bathymetric map of the area, the coordinates of emission sources are found, which correspond to the peak of the mud volcanic banks.</p>

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Monitoring Mud Volcanic Fluid Manifestations in the Caspian Sea Using Multispectral Satellite Data

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月1日

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  • V. G. Bondur,
  • V. N. Chernikova,
  • V. V. Zamshin

摘要

Abstract

Based on the results of space monitoring using multispectral satellite data, 180 manifestations of mud volcanic fluid (MVF) on the sea surface (SS) and in the near-surface layer of the Caspian Sea in the area of the Cheleken–Livanovsk Rise in 2019–2021 have been detected and studied. For the areas of MVF manifestations, the reflectance in seven spectral bands of the Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2A/B satellite equipment in the wavelength range of 0.44–2.2 μm are analyzed. In the areas of MVF manifestations on the SS, significant positive contrasts are revealed in the violet (~0.44 μm), blue (~0.48 μm), and green (~0.56 μm) spectral bands, caused by the presence of suspended matter and gas bubbles in the near-surface layer of the water column. Mathematical expectations of Weber contrasts in these spectral bands vary in the range from C ~ 0.47 to C ~ 0.77. Based on a comprehensive analysis of the spatial and geometric characteristics of MVF manifestations and a bathymetric map of the area, the coordinates of emission sources are found, which correspond to the peak of the mud volcanic banks.