Cuban separatism in exile and the internationalisation of the cause (1830s–1880s)
摘要
This article explores the limits of exile as a globalisation vector for the cause of Cuban separatism. While many Cubans were expelled from the Spanish island for political reasons between the 1830s and 1880s, others left of their own volition to avoid conflict with the colonial authorities. Despite political and social differences, many within this heterogeneous community of voluntarily and forcibly exiled strove for change within Cuba. Over the decades studied in this article, as Cuban separatism evolved from imperial reformism to pro-independentism during the 1868–1878 war, Cubans in Europe, the USA, and Latin America struggled to speak a common language and present themselves as an organised separatist group. Disagreements over the abolition of slavery, autonomy, and imperial ties were far more prevalent among “los de afuera” (those abroad) than activists within Cuba.