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<p>Reconciling urban land-use efficiency (ULUE) with ecosystem service (ES) sustainability is a central challenge for urban development. This study develops an integrated spatial-analytical framework, combining the Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial regression, to evaluate the dynamic relationship between ULUE and ES supply–demand (ES-SD) balances. Applied to China’s Yellow River Basin (2000–2020) using county-level data, we analyze ULUE and five key ESs: food provision, water yield, flood control, soil retention, and carbon sequestration. Findings reveal a persistent efficiency-sustainability disconnect. While ULUE improved modestly, it remained low overall (average 0.22–0.25), with high-efficiency clusters concentrated in core urban areas. Conversely, ES-SD balances deteriorated for most services. Spatially, higher ES-SD levels in the less-developed upper reaches declined toward urbanized lower reaches. Critically, spatial regression shows ULUE gains correlated significantly with reductions in key ES-SD metrics, including soil retention (-0.0326), food provision (-0.0832), and the comprehensive ES-SD index (-0.1245). This relationship exhibits marked regional heterogeneity, demanding differentiated policy. The study provides a generalizable assessment framework and actionable insights for sustainable spatial planning in the basin and analogous regions globally.</p>

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Efficiency versus sustainability: spatial mismatches between urban land-use and ecosystem services in China’s Yellow River Basin

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月30日

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  • Jingjing Liu,
  • Yan Tan,
  • Hongbo Zhao,
  • Wenwen Wang,
  • Jing Wang

摘要

Reconciling urban land-use efficiency (ULUE) with ecosystem service (ES) sustainability is a central challenge for urban development. This study develops an integrated spatial-analytical framework, combining the Slack-Based Measure (SBM) model, spatial autocorrelation, and spatial regression, to evaluate the dynamic relationship between ULUE and ES supply–demand (ES-SD) balances. Applied to China’s Yellow River Basin (2000–2020) using county-level data, we analyze ULUE and five key ESs: food provision, water yield, flood control, soil retention, and carbon sequestration. Findings reveal a persistent efficiency-sustainability disconnect. While ULUE improved modestly, it remained low overall (average 0.22–0.25), with high-efficiency clusters concentrated in core urban areas. Conversely, ES-SD balances deteriorated for most services. Spatially, higher ES-SD levels in the less-developed upper reaches declined toward urbanized lower reaches. Critically, spatial regression shows ULUE gains correlated significantly with reductions in key ES-SD metrics, including soil retention (-0.0326), food provision (-0.0832), and the comprehensive ES-SD index (-0.1245). This relationship exhibits marked regional heterogeneity, demanding differentiated policy. The study provides a generalizable assessment framework and actionable insights for sustainable spatial planning in the basin and analogous regions globally.