<p>The coupling coordination development of digital economy and common prosperity is an important proposition in the reconstruction of the global digital economy development system, and carries profound implications for promoting inclusive growth. This paper constructs a theoretical analysis framework for coupling coordination development of digital economy and common prosperity, and employs the coupling coordination degree (CCD) model, spatial autocorrelation (SPAC) method, and spatial Durbin model (SDM) to analyze the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and influence factors of the coupling coordination development of the two systems. It is found that (1) the CCD between the two systems in China exhibits a fluctuating upward trend. (2) All four major regions in China have achieved coordinated development, featuring the spatial distribution of “eastern region &gt; northeastern region &gt; central region &gt; western region.” The eastern region has accomplished a transition from “single-pole breakthrough” to “multi-pole synergy,” whereas some provinces in the central and western regions remain mired in the dilemma of “low-level lockout.” (3) The two systems are experiencing weakening spatial correlation in coupling coordination development, with the spatial characteristics shifting from “agglomeration” to “equilibrium,” but still dominated by H-H agglomeration and L-L agglomeration in terms of spatial agglomeration. (4) The coupling coordination development of the two systems can be fostered by improving fiscal self-sufficiency, strengthening scientific and technological innovation capability, advancing high-standard opening up, optimizing industrial structure, and enhancing transport infrastructure connectivity. However, industrial structure optimization generates negative spatial spillover effects. The conclusions of this study can provide a valuable reference for Global South countries seeking to explore pathways for “digital poverty reduction” that are aligned with their national conditions.</p>