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<p>Online misogyny has become a pervasive feature in digital spaces. Men are not the exclusive actors in online misogyny; women also engage in and propagate internalized misogynistic discourse. This study develops the Multi-Layered Discourse Analytical Model (MLDAM), which integrates topic, frame, and sentiment analyses to examine complex and highly contextual online discourse while incorporating individual characteristics such as gender. Using Zhihu, China’s largest online Question-and-Answer (Q&amp;A) platform, as a case study, this research unpacks interwoven discursive layers within misogynistic discourses. Findings show that online misogyny in China is structured through gender-differentiated collectivist logics. Male users predominantly mobilize digital nationalism, framing feminism as a foreign-backed threat and positioning women as national sexual resources while constructing themselves as victims of gender politics. Female users, by contrast, more frequently reproduce internalized misogynistic discourse through Confucian familism, engaging in self-commodification and self-objectification within marriage and heterosexual relationship narratives. This study emphasizes that online misogyny operates not as a singular ideological stance but as a culturally embedded, multi-layered discursive practice shaped by both national and familial collectivist logics.</p>

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Digital nationalism and internalized misogyny: gendered discourses in China’s digital spaces

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Luhang Sun

摘要

Online misogyny has become a pervasive feature in digital spaces. Men are not the exclusive actors in online misogyny; women also engage in and propagate internalized misogynistic discourse. This study develops the Multi-Layered Discourse Analytical Model (MLDAM), which integrates topic, frame, and sentiment analyses to examine complex and highly contextual online discourse while incorporating individual characteristics such as gender. Using Zhihu, China’s largest online Question-and-Answer (Q&A) platform, as a case study, this research unpacks interwoven discursive layers within misogynistic discourses. Findings show that online misogyny in China is structured through gender-differentiated collectivist logics. Male users predominantly mobilize digital nationalism, framing feminism as a foreign-backed threat and positioning women as national sexual resources while constructing themselves as victims of gender politics. Female users, by contrast, more frequently reproduce internalized misogynistic discourse through Confucian familism, engaging in self-commodification and self-objectification within marriage and heterosexual relationship narratives. This study emphasizes that online misogyny operates not as a singular ideological stance but as a culturally embedded, multi-layered discursive practice shaped by both national and familial collectivist logics.