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<p>In high-density urban contexts, the visual and auditory qualities of window views significantly influence occupants’ psychological restoration. This study employed immersive virtual reality (VR) and electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the synergistic effects of building spacing (10 m, 15 m, 20 m), façade greening (green wall vs. bare wall), and urban soundscape (No Sound, Traffic-Dominated Sound, Conversation-Dominated Sound, Ventilation-Dominated Sound) on the restorative experience of window views. A total of 480 participants were exposed to 24 audiovisual scenarios in a 4 × 3 × 2 full-factorial design. Subjective restoration was assessed via the Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS) and the 6-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), while physiological responses were measured through EEG spectral power in δ, θ, α, and β bands. Across all soundscape conditions, green walls significantly enhanced ROS scores and reduced anxiety, particularly under traffic and no-sound conditions. Building spacing independently improved psychological outcomes, with diminishing returns beyond 15 m. EEG results revealed consistent increases in α-power under green wall conditions, indicating relaxed alertness. However, interaction effects varied by soundscape: in the traffic-dominated scenario, a 20 m green wall unexpectedly elevated δ-power and suppressed β-power, suggesting passive cognitive disengagement. In contrast, under conversation noise, green walls at close distances (10 m) effectively reduced δ-power and increased β-power, indicating improved attentional engagement. Under no-sound and ventilation conditions, 15 m spacing with green walls produced the most balanced EEG profiles, supporting both calmness and alertness. These findings underscore the need for integrated visual, spatial, and acoustic design approaches to optimize restorative potential in dense urban environments.</p>

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The synergistic effects of urban soundscapes, building spacing, and green wall on the perceived restorativeness of window views: a VR-based investigation with EEG and psychological assessments

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月23日

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  • Yang Liu,
  • Wenbo Li

摘要

In high-density urban contexts, the visual and auditory qualities of window views significantly influence occupants’ psychological restoration. This study employed immersive virtual reality (VR) and electroencephalography (EEG) to examine the synergistic effects of building spacing (10 m, 15 m, 20 m), façade greening (green wall vs. bare wall), and urban soundscape (No Sound, Traffic-Dominated Sound, Conversation-Dominated Sound, Ventilation-Dominated Sound) on the restorative experience of window views. A total of 480 participants were exposed to 24 audiovisual scenarios in a 4 × 3 × 2 full-factorial design. Subjective restoration was assessed via the Restorative Outcome Scale (ROS) and the 6-item State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-6), while physiological responses were measured through EEG spectral power in δ, θ, α, and β bands. Across all soundscape conditions, green walls significantly enhanced ROS scores and reduced anxiety, particularly under traffic and no-sound conditions. Building spacing independently improved psychological outcomes, with diminishing returns beyond 15 m. EEG results revealed consistent increases in α-power under green wall conditions, indicating relaxed alertness. However, interaction effects varied by soundscape: in the traffic-dominated scenario, a 20 m green wall unexpectedly elevated δ-power and suppressed β-power, suggesting passive cognitive disengagement. In contrast, under conversation noise, green walls at close distances (10 m) effectively reduced δ-power and increased β-power, indicating improved attentional engagement. Under no-sound and ventilation conditions, 15 m spacing with green walls produced the most balanced EEG profiles, supporting both calmness and alertness. These findings underscore the need for integrated visual, spatial, and acoustic design approaches to optimize restorative potential in dense urban environments.