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<p>Although the United States presently boasts dozens of military allies, China continues to counter productively eschew alliances. I argue that China’s behavior is hardly unusual, because rising great powers will typically suffer from an “alliance allergy.” Specifically, they will be reluctant to form alliances and habitually mistreat those allies they recruit. This is because rising powers alone will be both confident that they can achieve their bold geopolitical ambitions singlehandedly and reluctant to make <i>ex ante</i> compromises, especially with powerful states, on their preferred conception of international order. I demonstrate in six illustrative case studies—Germany and the United States during World War I; Germany, Japan, and the United States during World War II; and the Soviet Union during the Cold War—that all the rising powers of the last century exhibited the alliance allergy towards powerful states during periods of intense great power security competition.</p>

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China’s unilateralism and the “alliance allergy” of rising powers

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Evan N. Resnick

摘要

Although the United States presently boasts dozens of military allies, China continues to counter productively eschew alliances. I argue that China’s behavior is hardly unusual, because rising great powers will typically suffer from an “alliance allergy.” Specifically, they will be reluctant to form alliances and habitually mistreat those allies they recruit. This is because rising powers alone will be both confident that they can achieve their bold geopolitical ambitions singlehandedly and reluctant to make ex ante compromises, especially with powerful states, on their preferred conception of international order. I demonstrate in six illustrative case studies—Germany and the United States during World War I; Germany, Japan, and the United States during World War II; and the Soviet Union during the Cold War—that all the rising powers of the last century exhibited the alliance allergy towards powerful states during periods of intense great power security competition.