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<p>Political parties are often labelled as either favouring or opposing the EU, with very little room to consider nuances. Under such circumstances, it remains unclear how parties position themselves towards the EU and what drives that positioning. This article explores the effects of ideology, incumbency, party age, and electoral competition on positioning towards the EU. We qualitatively map the content of party manifestos belonging to 102 political parties running in national elections in 12 EU member states between 2019 and 2024 to understand what EU support and opposition mean. The results illustrate that parties support the EU when they are ideologically moderate, in government, and when they face many competitors. Parties oppose the EU when their ideology is radical and when they are in opposition. The interaction between ideology and incumbency depresses negative rhetoric across the board, but also the positive rhetoric of radical parties.</p>

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Standing apart: party positions towards the European Union

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月14日

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  • Bettina Mitru,
  • Sergiu Gherghina,
  • Sergiu Mișcoiu

摘要

Political parties are often labelled as either favouring or opposing the EU, with very little room to consider nuances. Under such circumstances, it remains unclear how parties position themselves towards the EU and what drives that positioning. This article explores the effects of ideology, incumbency, party age, and electoral competition on positioning towards the EU. We qualitatively map the content of party manifestos belonging to 102 political parties running in national elections in 12 EU member states between 2019 and 2024 to understand what EU support and opposition mean. The results illustrate that parties support the EU when they are ideologically moderate, in government, and when they face many competitors. Parties oppose the EU when their ideology is radical and when they are in opposition. The interaction between ideology and incumbency depresses negative rhetoric across the board, but also the positive rhetoric of radical parties.