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<p>This article assesses how the EU’s trade policy has adapted to the recent injection of geopolitics into trade policy by China, Russia, and the USA. It uses major unanticipated shocks since the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995 to contextualize this assessment. The article focuses on the extent to which unanticipated shocks have prompted policy innovation, a manifestation of the EU’s protean power. It finds that although the EU has adopted some policy innovations in response to the geopoliticization of trade, they are quite limited. Moreover, innovation was less likely (certainly slower) when it entailed centralizing authority for core state concerns about security.</p>

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Adapting to adversity? EU trade policy in a more geopolitical world

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月25日

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  • Alasdair R. Young

摘要

This article assesses how the EU’s trade policy has adapted to the recent injection of geopolitics into trade policy by China, Russia, and the USA. It uses major unanticipated shocks since the creation of the World Trade Organization in 1995 to contextualize this assessment. The article focuses on the extent to which unanticipated shocks have prompted policy innovation, a manifestation of the EU’s protean power. It finds that although the EU has adopted some policy innovations in response to the geopoliticization of trade, they are quite limited. Moreover, innovation was less likely (certainly slower) when it entailed centralizing authority for core state concerns about security.