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<p>In this paper we estimate social mobility rates, free of measurement errors, using register data for Denmark and Sweden, 1968 to 2021. To correct for measurement error attenuation, we take ratios of the correlation of relatives at different locations in family trees, such as cousins relative to siblings. Three things emerge from these estimates. First social mobility rates in both Denmark and Sweden are much lower than conventionally estimated. Second these countries, despite their reputation for high social mobility rates, have only modestly less persistence as in modern England, or also nineteenth century England or Sweden. Finally in all the cases observed marital assortment is much stronger than conventionally estimated, and this helps explain the low rates of intergenerational mobility.</p>

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The Myth of Nordic Mobility: Social Mobility Rates in Modern Denmark and Sweden

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月2日

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  • Gregory Clark,
  • Martin Hørlyk Kristensen

摘要

In this paper we estimate social mobility rates, free of measurement errors, using register data for Denmark and Sweden, 1968 to 2021. To correct for measurement error attenuation, we take ratios of the correlation of relatives at different locations in family trees, such as cousins relative to siblings. Three things emerge from these estimates. First social mobility rates in both Denmark and Sweden are much lower than conventionally estimated. Second these countries, despite their reputation for high social mobility rates, have only modestly less persistence as in modern England, or also nineteenth century England or Sweden. Finally in all the cases observed marital assortment is much stronger than conventionally estimated, and this helps explain the low rates of intergenerational mobility.