<p>Human capital formation is a major priority in sub-Saharan Africa, with 20% of children stunted and 30% out of school in this region. This phenomenon may be exacerbated by climate change, which affects the ability and preferences of households to invest in human capital accumulation. This study combines climate data with health and education data to examine the long-term effects of exposure to climate shocks during a child’s early years on health and academic outcomes. Our results indicate that temperature shocks during the early years of a child’s life are associated with a significant increase in the incidence of visual, physical, and mental impairment in urban and rural boys and girls. In addition, early temperature shocks contribute to inequalities in school attendance and educational attainment between boys and girls, as well as between urban and rural areas. In contrast, we found that exposure to rainfall shocks in early childhood is significantly associated with a low incidence of disability and an increase in the educational attainment of boys and girls. Therefore, these results show that environmental conditions are an important factor in human capital accumulation.</p>