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<p>Continuous lipid profiling could reveal dynamic lipid fluctuations underlying cardiometabolic health, yet existing enzymatic sensing strategies cannot sustain the multi-enzyme reactions required for continuous lipid detection, particularly when non-regenerable cofactors are consumed. Here we introduce a wearable epidermal lipid profiler for non-invasive, continuous monitoring of cholesterol and triglycerides using dual-step and cascading enzymatic reactions supported by the continuous refreshment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The system integrates a polymeric cofactor-releasing module composed of polypyrrole–ATP nanostructures that provide controlled, sweat-triggered ATP replenishment for long-term biosensing. We demonstrate real-time lipid tracking during dietary challenges and habitual activities, capturing distinct postprandial responses to different macronutrient compositions. In a preclinical study, simultaneous sweat and blood analyses coupled with causal machine learning revealed key physiological confounders and established individualized mappings between sweat and blood lipids. This cofactor-refreshing platform extends continuous monitoring to complex enzymatic systems, establishing a foundation for non-invasive, longitudinal cardiometabolic health assessment.</p>

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Non-invasive continuous lipid profiling via cofactor-refreshing cascading enzymatic reactions and causal machine learning

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月29日

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  • José A. Lasalde-Ramírez,
  • Chihyeong Won,
  • Sijie Ji,
  • Soyoung Shin,
  • Robin M. McDonald,
  • Katherine Karish,
  • Gwangmook Kim,
  • Hong Hang,
  • Daniel Mukasa,
  • Brian Arianpour,
  • Yu Song,
  • Jieping Yang,
  • Tzung K. Hsiai,
  • Zhaoping Li,
  • Taeyoon Lee,
  • Juliane R. Sempionatto,
  • Wei Gao

摘要

Continuous lipid profiling could reveal dynamic lipid fluctuations underlying cardiometabolic health, yet existing enzymatic sensing strategies cannot sustain the multi-enzyme reactions required for continuous lipid detection, particularly when non-regenerable cofactors are consumed. Here we introduce a wearable epidermal lipid profiler for non-invasive, continuous monitoring of cholesterol and triglycerides using dual-step and cascading enzymatic reactions supported by the continuous refreshment of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The system integrates a polymeric cofactor-releasing module composed of polypyrrole–ATP nanostructures that provide controlled, sweat-triggered ATP replenishment for long-term biosensing. We demonstrate real-time lipid tracking during dietary challenges and habitual activities, capturing distinct postprandial responses to different macronutrient compositions. In a preclinical study, simultaneous sweat and blood analyses coupled with causal machine learning revealed key physiological confounders and established individualized mappings between sweat and blood lipids. This cofactor-refreshing platform extends continuous monitoring to complex enzymatic systems, establishing a foundation for non-invasive, longitudinal cardiometabolic health assessment.