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<p>Event-based bioelectronic sensors enable real-time detection and modulation of neural activity. However, conventional silicon interfaces are rigid and energy intensive, whereas organic electrochemical neuron (OECN)-based sensors, though promising, have been limited by slow firing rates, high energy use and scalability challenges. Here we present an OECN-based sensor capable of rapid, energy-efficient neural signal detection for closed-loop neurostimulation. These event-driven sensors respond within ~1 ms and generate voltage pulses up to 1.1 kHz, covering the full bandwidth of mammalian neuronal activity (0.5–1,000 Hz) while consuming only ~40 pJ per spike. Accurate detection of hippocampal interictal epileptiform discharges is demonstrated. Integrated with microelectrodes, these OECN-based sensors enable closed-loop neuromodulation by delivering real-time stimulation to suppress pathological sleep spindle oscillations in vivo. Combining biorealistic operation with ultra-low energy use, OECN-based sensors are good candidates for the next generation of implantable bioelectronics in energy-constrained environments.</p>

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High-frequency, low-energy organic event-based sensors for closed-loop neurostimulation

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月15日

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  • Chi-Yuan Yang,
  • Zifang Zhao,
  • Han-Yan Wu,
  • Dace Gao,
  • Jun-Da Huang,
  • Junpeng Ji,
  • Miao Xiong,
  • Tiefeng Liu,
  • Padinhare C. Harikesh,
  • Adam Marks,
  • Xin-Yi Wang,
  • Matteo Massetti,
  • Shan Shao,
  • Jian Pei,
  • Iain McCulloch,
  • Magnus Berggren,
  • Deyu Tu,
  • Jennifer Gelinas,
  • Dion Khodagholy,
  • Simone Fabiano

摘要

Event-based bioelectronic sensors enable real-time detection and modulation of neural activity. However, conventional silicon interfaces are rigid and energy intensive, whereas organic electrochemical neuron (OECN)-based sensors, though promising, have been limited by slow firing rates, high energy use and scalability challenges. Here we present an OECN-based sensor capable of rapid, energy-efficient neural signal detection for closed-loop neurostimulation. These event-driven sensors respond within ~1 ms and generate voltage pulses up to 1.1 kHz, covering the full bandwidth of mammalian neuronal activity (0.5–1,000 Hz) while consuming only ~40 pJ per spike. Accurate detection of hippocampal interictal epileptiform discharges is demonstrated. Integrated with microelectrodes, these OECN-based sensors enable closed-loop neuromodulation by delivering real-time stimulation to suppress pathological sleep spindle oscillations in vivo. Combining biorealistic operation with ultra-low energy use, OECN-based sensors are good candidates for the next generation of implantable bioelectronics in energy-constrained environments.