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<p>Marine ecosystems remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and regulate climate, yet their contribution remains weakly represented in national wealth accounts. Here we develop a global valuation framework for blue carbon wealth that combines spatial data on coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes, with country-level estimates of open-ocean biological carbon transport. We value annual removal flows using country-level social cost of carbon estimates. Coastal ecosystems remove about 111 million tonnes of carbon per year, corresponding to 228.6 billion United States dollars annually. Including open-ocean processes increases total annual removal to about 1.13 billion tonnes of carbon, valued at 2.32 trillion United States dollars. Open-ocean processes dominate annual removal value, while coastal ecosystems provide longer-term storage and local co-benefits. Blue carbon wealth is unevenly distributed across countries and weakly aligned with national emissions, highlighting overlooked marine natural assets in coastal and island economies.</p>

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Global assessment shows blue carbon wealth dominated by ocean processes and unevenly distributed across countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月21日

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  • Nathalie Hilmi,
  • Loua Aurel De Vince Vehi,
  • Marina Treskova,
  • Cécile Sabourault,
  • Lisa Levin

摘要

Marine ecosystems remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and regulate climate, yet their contribution remains weakly represented in national wealth accounts. Here we develop a global valuation framework for blue carbon wealth that combines spatial data on coastal ecosystems, including mangroves, seagrasses and salt marshes, with country-level estimates of open-ocean biological carbon transport. We value annual removal flows using country-level social cost of carbon estimates. Coastal ecosystems remove about 111 million tonnes of carbon per year, corresponding to 228.6 billion United States dollars annually. Including open-ocean processes increases total annual removal to about 1.13 billion tonnes of carbon, valued at 2.32 trillion United States dollars. Open-ocean processes dominate annual removal value, while coastal ecosystems provide longer-term storage and local co-benefits. Blue carbon wealth is unevenly distributed across countries and weakly aligned with national emissions, highlighting overlooked marine natural assets in coastal and island economies.