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<p>Parabens, used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food, are becoming environmental pollutants due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and endocrine-disrupting effects. They enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater, often surviving treatment. Found in water, sediments, organisms, and humans, parabens pose ecological and health risks. This review examines their sources, behavior, toxicity, transformation, and regulatory gaps, emphasizing the urgent need for risk assessments and safer alternatives.</p>

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Ecotoxicological impacts of parabens on flora and fauna

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月1日

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  • Dipti Agarwal,
  • Upma Bhatt,
  • Vineet Soni

摘要

Parabens, used as preservatives in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food, are becoming environmental pollutants due to their persistence, bioaccumulation, and endocrine-disrupting effects. They enter aquatic ecosystems through wastewater, often surviving treatment. Found in water, sediments, organisms, and humans, parabens pose ecological and health risks. This review examines their sources, behavior, toxicity, transformation, and regulatory gaps, emphasizing the urgent need for risk assessments and safer alternatives.