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<p>This study presents a method for tailoring the acoustic emission of a commercial loudspeaker using a passive metasurface placed in front of it. The metasurface is optimised using a gradient-descent algorithm, made computationally feasible by modelling it as an array of point sources with prescribed phase delays, instead of explicitly resolving its labyrinthine geometry through full-wave simulations. Two main innovations are introduced. First, the measured impulse response of a real loudspeaker is integrated into the optimisation process, leading to distinct optimal delays compared to an idealised source case. Second, the point-source approximation allows the derivation of an optimisable gradient while preserving the physical interpretability of the design. Finite element simulations confirm the accurate mapping of the optimised discrete delays into physical labyrinthine geometries, validating the effectiveness of the point-source approximation. This efficient approximation enables gradient-based optimisation of metamaterial properties aimed at producing a uniform pressure field within a 2D listening area.</p>

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Gradient-based delay optimisation framework for acoustic metasurfaces coupled with real loudspeakers

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月3日

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  • Letizia Chisari,
  • Andy Philippides,
  • Gianluca Memoli

摘要

This study presents a method for tailoring the acoustic emission of a commercial loudspeaker using a passive metasurface placed in front of it. The metasurface is optimised using a gradient-descent algorithm, made computationally feasible by modelling it as an array of point sources with prescribed phase delays, instead of explicitly resolving its labyrinthine geometry through full-wave simulations. Two main innovations are introduced. First, the measured impulse response of a real loudspeaker is integrated into the optimisation process, leading to distinct optimal delays compared to an idealised source case. Second, the point-source approximation allows the derivation of an optimisable gradient while preserving the physical interpretability of the design. Finite element simulations confirm the accurate mapping of the optimised discrete delays into physical labyrinthine geometries, validating the effectiveness of the point-source approximation. This efficient approximation enables gradient-based optimisation of metamaterial properties aimed at producing a uniform pressure field within a 2D listening area.