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<p>Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory tool that holds promise for various neuropsychiatric disorders. While it offers several distinct advantages, it also faces notable technical challenges. The irregular shape and inhomogeneous acoustic properties of the human skull impede efficient acoustic energy transmission through the skull. So far, clinical semi-spherical (hemispherical) arrays still suffer from strong wave reflection and refraction at the skull interface, especially with steering. We propose a flexible ultrasound array that conforms to individual skull shapes and can be optimized to target vertex-accessible subcortical regions. The impact of flexible array configuration was investigated by comparing the flexible array with a semi-spherical array commonly used in the clinical setting. Numerical results show that the random-patterned flexible array reduces the <i>z</i>-axis −6 dB full width at half maximum (FWHM) by 29.4% and enhances the focal peak pressure by 44.4% when compared to the semi-spherical array without steering. In addition, it achieves a wide steering range over a 30 × 20 mm<sup>2</sup> region while maintaining the focusing performance. We expect that our proposed tFUS stimulation with a flexible array may provide a theoretical framework for improving the therapeutic efficiency for various neuropsychiatric conditions.</p>

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Flexible ultrasound array for subcortical brain stimulation in humans: a simulation study

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Haoming Huo,
  • Anthony DiSpirito,
  • Nanchao Wang,
  • Chenhang Li,
  • Sunho Moon,
  • Chaorui Qiu,
  • Kaiping Yin,
  • Huaiyu Wu,
  • Bin Sun,
  • Roarke Horstmeyer,
  • Wuwei Feng,
  • Xiaoning Jiang,
  • Xiaoyue Ni,
  • Junjie Yao

摘要

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a non-invasive neuromodulatory tool that holds promise for various neuropsychiatric disorders. While it offers several distinct advantages, it also faces notable technical challenges. The irregular shape and inhomogeneous acoustic properties of the human skull impede efficient acoustic energy transmission through the skull. So far, clinical semi-spherical (hemispherical) arrays still suffer from strong wave reflection and refraction at the skull interface, especially with steering. We propose a flexible ultrasound array that conforms to individual skull shapes and can be optimized to target vertex-accessible subcortical regions. The impact of flexible array configuration was investigated by comparing the flexible array with a semi-spherical array commonly used in the clinical setting. Numerical results show that the random-patterned flexible array reduces the z-axis −6 dB full width at half maximum (FWHM) by 29.4% and enhances the focal peak pressure by 44.4% when compared to the semi-spherical array without steering. In addition, it achieves a wide steering range over a 30 × 20 mm2 region while maintaining the focusing performance. We expect that our proposed tFUS stimulation with a flexible array may provide a theoretical framework for improving the therapeutic efficiency for various neuropsychiatric conditions.