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<p>Compressed air energy storage (CAES) can be used as long-duration storage for renewable energy-based grids. CAES systems use electrical energy to drive a compressor, and the stored compressed air can later be used to drive a turbine when electricity is needed. In this Review, we examine fundamental research, technological development, demonstrations and applications of CAES. Large-scale CAES facilities can store more than 300 MW of power, with round-trip efficiencies of 50–70%. Adapting CAES for non-dispatchable renewable electricity sources requires modifications to compressors and expanders to increase their operating pressure to improve efficiency under variable loading conditions. Compressed air can be stored in geological formations or artificial containers, with research focusing on increasing the pressure and/or temperature of the stored gas. The efficiency of CAES systems can be further increased by the integration of thermal energy storage, which captures and stores the heat from the compressor, later using it to heat the turbine inlet air temperature, reducing or removing the need for fossil fuels in system operation. By providing energy storage in the order of 10 h, CAES enables electricity storage beyond what is feasible for electrochemical battery storage alone, potentially increasing grid stability.</p>

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Technologies and prospects for compressed air energy storage

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月25日

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  • Haisheng Chen,
  • Xing Wang,
  • Yujie Xu,
  • Xuezhi Zhou,
  • Xipeng Lin,
  • Xin Zhou,
  • Changchun Liu,
  • Liang Wang,
  • Tongtong Zhang,
  • Yulong Ding

摘要

Compressed air energy storage (CAES) can be used as long-duration storage for renewable energy-based grids. CAES systems use electrical energy to drive a compressor, and the stored compressed air can later be used to drive a turbine when electricity is needed. In this Review, we examine fundamental research, technological development, demonstrations and applications of CAES. Large-scale CAES facilities can store more than 300 MW of power, with round-trip efficiencies of 50–70%. Adapting CAES for non-dispatchable renewable electricity sources requires modifications to compressors and expanders to increase their operating pressure to improve efficiency under variable loading conditions. Compressed air can be stored in geological formations or artificial containers, with research focusing on increasing the pressure and/or temperature of the stored gas. The efficiency of CAES systems can be further increased by the integration of thermal energy storage, which captures and stores the heat from the compressor, later using it to heat the turbine inlet air temperature, reducing or removing the need for fossil fuels in system operation. By providing energy storage in the order of 10 h, CAES enables electricity storage beyond what is feasible for electrochemical battery storage alone, potentially increasing grid stability.