<p>The conservation and restoration of mangroves for their ecosystem services is a global ambition, but less emphasis has been placed on the conservation and restoration of the biodiversity of mangroves, despite biodiversity underpinning the provision of ecosystem services. In this Review, we evaluate the components of mangrove biodiversity and their links to ecosystem processes (functions) and services, as well as threats to biodiversity, and identify knowledge gaps. Mangrove biodiversity supports a wide range of provisioning, regulating and cultural services, although much of the available information is focused on provisioning and regulating services. Both the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem processes that give rise to ecosystem services, and valuations of ecosystem services for informing conservation and restoration of biodiversity for societal benefits, are less well described. Research is recommended to evaluate the influence of high levels of structural complexity, complex and interacting marine and arboreal food webs, and high levels of connectivity of diverse habitats&#xa0;within landscapes on provision of ecosystem services.</p>