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<p>Physical reservoir computing leverages the intrinsic history-dependence and nonlinearity of hardware to encode spatiotemporal signals directly at the sensor level, enabling low-latency processing of dynamic inputs. Encoding fidelity depends on the separability of multi-state outputs, yet in practice it is often hampered by empirically chosen, suboptimal operating conditions. Here, we apply Bayesian optimization to improve the encoding performance of solution-processed Al₂O₃/In₂O₃ thin-film transistors. By exploring a five-dimensional pulse-parameter input space and using the normalized degree of separation for output state distinguishability, we demonstrate high-fidelity 6-bit temporal encoding corresponding to 64 output states. We further show that a model based on simpler 4-bit data can effectively guide optimization for more complex 6-bit tasks, substantially reducing experimental effort. Using a six-frame moving-car image sequence as a benchmark, we find that the optimized 6-bit pulse conditions significantly enhance encoding accuracy, with 4-bit derived parameters performing comparably in terms of pixel errors. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis further reveals that gate-pulse amplitude and drain voltage are the dominant contributors to output state separation. This work establishes a data-driven strategy for identifying optimal operating conditions in reservoir devices and outlines a framework that can be transferred to diverse material platforms and physical reservoir implementations.</p>

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Bayesian optimization of multi-bit pulse encoding in In₂O₃–Al₂O₃ thin-film transistors for temporal data processing

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Javier Meza-Arroyo,
  • Benius Dunn,
  • Weijie Xu,
  • Yu-Chieh Chen,
  • Jen-Sue Chen,
  • Julia W. P. Hsu

摘要

Physical reservoir computing leverages the intrinsic history-dependence and nonlinearity of hardware to encode spatiotemporal signals directly at the sensor level, enabling low-latency processing of dynamic inputs. Encoding fidelity depends on the separability of multi-state outputs, yet in practice it is often hampered by empirically chosen, suboptimal operating conditions. Here, we apply Bayesian optimization to improve the encoding performance of solution-processed Al₂O₃/In₂O₃ thin-film transistors. By exploring a five-dimensional pulse-parameter input space and using the normalized degree of separation for output state distinguishability, we demonstrate high-fidelity 6-bit temporal encoding corresponding to 64 output states. We further show that a model based on simpler 4-bit data can effectively guide optimization for more complex 6-bit tasks, substantially reducing experimental effort. Using a six-frame moving-car image sequence as a benchmark, we find that the optimized 6-bit pulse conditions significantly enhance encoding accuracy, with 4-bit derived parameters performing comparably in terms of pixel errors. Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) analysis further reveals that gate-pulse amplitude and drain voltage are the dominant contributors to output state separation. This work establishes a data-driven strategy for identifying optimal operating conditions in reservoir devices and outlines a framework that can be transferred to diverse material platforms and physical reservoir implementations.