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<p>Clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) continue to circulate worldwide, posing zoonotic threats, especially with recent cattle outbreaks. The mechanisms by which these viruses adapt to mammalian hosts while maintaining a broad avian tropism remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that two naturally occurring mutations (K222Q and S227R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) of a human-infecting H5N8 strain, first identified in 2020, enhance binding affinity for both α2-6-linked and Sialyl Lewis<sup>X</sup> (SLe<sup>X</sup>) glycans, which may underlie the broad tissue binding and cross-species potential. Structural analyses reveal that these mutations expand receptor specificity for these glycans, which are abundant in the human respiratory tract and duck trachea, providing a possible molecular basis for cross-species transmission. Our findings suggest that clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny viruses evolved dual receptor specificity as early as the 2020 Russian H5N8 strain, potentially contributing to sporadic human infections and widespread dissemination among birds and mammals.</p>

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Hemagglutinin double-mutation enhances binding of human-infecting avian influenza virus clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny to human and SLeX receptors

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Xiyue Jin,
  • Pu Han,
  • Yuxuan Wang,
  • Haichen Wang,
  • Chunge Zhang,
  • Antonio Di Maio,
  • Jin Yu,
  • Tianjiao Hao,
  • Yuhang Gu,
  • Zeyu Zhang,
  • Wei Zhang,
  • Jianxun Qi,
  • Yuhai Bi,
  • Xu Zhang,
  • Lei Sun,
  • Ningli Wang,
  • Yan Liu,
  • Hao Song,
  • George F Gao

摘要

Clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) continue to circulate worldwide, posing zoonotic threats, especially with recent cattle outbreaks. The mechanisms by which these viruses adapt to mammalian hosts while maintaining a broad avian tropism remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that two naturally occurring mutations (K222Q and S227R) in the hemagglutinin (HA) of a human-infecting H5N8 strain, first identified in 2020, enhance binding affinity for both α2-6-linked and Sialyl LewisX (SLeX) glycans, which may underlie the broad tissue binding and cross-species potential. Structural analyses reveal that these mutations expand receptor specificity for these glycans, which are abundant in the human respiratory tract and duck trachea, providing a possible molecular basis for cross-species transmission. Our findings suggest that clade 2.3.4.4b H5Ny viruses evolved dual receptor specificity as early as the 2020 Russian H5N8 strain, potentially contributing to sporadic human infections and widespread dissemination among birds and mammals.