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<p>Non-conventional slag (NCS), including copper, lead, lithium, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc slags are under-utilised industrial by-products with potential in sustainable construction. This review evaluates their use as partial replacements for cement and aggregates, focusing on performance and mechanisms. NCS behaviour varies with composition and activation, with some enhancing strength and durability. Most importantly, NCS supports waste valorisation, reduced material consumption, and more sustainable concrete development.</p>

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Non-conventional slags as sustainable alternatives in concrete: a comprehensive review

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年8月3日

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  • Chee Lok Yong,
  • Fengyi Zhang,
  • Suhana Koting,
  • Hilal El-Hassan,
  • Tung-Chai Ling,
  • Kim Hung Mo

摘要

Non-conventional slag (NCS), including copper, lead, lithium, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc slags are under-utilised industrial by-products with potential in sustainable construction. This review evaluates their use as partial replacements for cement and aggregates, focusing on performance and mechanisms. NCS behaviour varies with composition and activation, with some enhancing strength and durability. Most importantly, NCS supports waste valorisation, reduced material consumption, and more sustainable concrete development.