Discolouration of vaginal devices during clinical use: a narrative review of the scientific literature and a thematic analysis of Reddit posts
摘要
Vaginal devices are used by human females to prevent, treat or manage a range of health issues. These devices, fabricated from various polymer materials, include drug-free support devices (i.e. vaginal pessaries), drug-free contraceptive devices (e.g. caps, cups and diaphragms) and drug-releasing vaginal rings (e.g. for hormonal contraception and oestrogen replacement therapy). These devices are prone to discolouration in clinical use due to exposure to cervicovaginal fluid and menstrual blood. This article comprises two parts: in the first, we provide an extensive narrative review of the peer-reviewed scientific literature around vaginal device discolouration. In the second part, we conducted a thematic analysis of user posts on the social media platform Reddit around discolouration of vaginal devices in clinical use, the different factors that potentially cause discolouration, and the implications and repercussions for user acceptability and adherence. This article is the first to review and collate literature reports/evidence and current thinking around discolouration of vaginal devices and will provide a useful resource for users, health professionals, and product developers.