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<p>Future cyber–physical systems face a gap between surging data traffic and finite resources under stringent latency and reliability demands. Throughput-driven and latency-driven communication systems assign the same scheduling priority to all packets regardless of their relevance to the downstream task, which can undermine decision quality. Conversely, goal-oriented communications transmit only goal-relevant information, protecting control systems from destabilization due to indiscriminate data flooding. In this Review, we analyse how goal-oriented communications reshape cyber–physical system design across four tiers: networked sensing and control, decision-making, distributed intelligence and multimodal intelligence. The analysis reveals that task-level metrics, such as control error, inference accuracy and decision utility, rather than bit-level communication metrics, are key to ensuring reliable sensing, control and decision-making. We reframe cyber–physical communication from bit-level optimization toward task-oriented design, where communication decisions are driven by downstream task requirements. Finally, we posit a framework that will enable engineers and researchers to build intelligent cyber–physical systems. This framework will power smarter grids, safer autonomous vehicles and more adaptive industrial automation.</p>

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Goal-oriented communications for future cyber–physical systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月1日

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  • Cheng Feng,
  • Jianhua Pei,
  • Zhijin Qin,
  • Kaibin Huang,
  • Dusit Niyato,
  • Geoffrey Ye Li,
  • Yi Wang,
  • Ping Wang,
  • Chongqing Kang

摘要

Future cyber–physical systems face a gap between surging data traffic and finite resources under stringent latency and reliability demands. Throughput-driven and latency-driven communication systems assign the same scheduling priority to all packets regardless of their relevance to the downstream task, which can undermine decision quality. Conversely, goal-oriented communications transmit only goal-relevant information, protecting control systems from destabilization due to indiscriminate data flooding. In this Review, we analyse how goal-oriented communications reshape cyber–physical system design across four tiers: networked sensing and control, decision-making, distributed intelligence and multimodal intelligence. The analysis reveals that task-level metrics, such as control error, inference accuracy and decision utility, rather than bit-level communication metrics, are key to ensuring reliable sensing, control and decision-making. We reframe cyber–physical communication from bit-level optimization toward task-oriented design, where communication decisions are driven by downstream task requirements. Finally, we posit a framework that will enable engineers and researchers to build intelligent cyber–physical systems. This framework will power smarter grids, safer autonomous vehicles and more adaptive industrial automation.