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<p>Skin-like soft electronics offer conformal, stable interfaces with biological tissues — including skin, heart, brain, muscle and gut — enabling health monitoring, disease diagnosis and closed-loop therapeutic interventions. Continuous, reliable data collection at the human–electronic interface is crucial for advancing both fundamental biological research and personalized health care. Towards this end, integrated circuits (ICs) made with high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors are essential for monolithic integration with sensors for distributed signal conditioning and amplification. In this Review, we discuss the operational principles, device design, material selection and fabrication considerations that underpin the development of high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors for wearable and implantable ICs. Key points include the need for high field-effect mobility in short-channel devices — achieved through innovations in materials, device architectures and processing — to push device performance and operation speed; mechanical robustness to maintain stable operation under large strains; low-voltage operation for safe, energy-efficient biomedical systems; and scalable fabrication methods that enable high device density, reproducibility and integration complexity. Looking ahead, advancing both device performance and integration complexity will be pivotal for realizing large-scale, multifunctional ICs that can transform applications in bioelectronics, wearable health monitoring, soft robotics and adaptive human–machine interfaces.</p>

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Intrinsically stretchable transistors and integrated circuits

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Yuya Nishio,
  • Donglai Zhong,
  • Kyun Kyu Kim,
  • Qianhe Liu,
  • Can Wu,
  • Jeffrey B.-H. Tok,
  • Boris Murmann,
  • Zhenan Bao

摘要

Skin-like soft electronics offer conformal, stable interfaces with biological tissues — including skin, heart, brain, muscle and gut — enabling health monitoring, disease diagnosis and closed-loop therapeutic interventions. Continuous, reliable data collection at the human–electronic interface is crucial for advancing both fundamental biological research and personalized health care. Towards this end, integrated circuits (ICs) made with high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors are essential for monolithic integration with sensors for distributed signal conditioning and amplification. In this Review, we discuss the operational principles, device design, material selection and fabrication considerations that underpin the development of high-performance intrinsically stretchable transistors for wearable and implantable ICs. Key points include the need for high field-effect mobility in short-channel devices — achieved through innovations in materials, device architectures and processing — to push device performance and operation speed; mechanical robustness to maintain stable operation under large strains; low-voltage operation for safe, energy-efficient biomedical systems; and scalable fabrication methods that enable high device density, reproducibility and integration complexity. Looking ahead, advancing both device performance and integration complexity will be pivotal for realizing large-scale, multifunctional ICs that can transform applications in bioelectronics, wearable health monitoring, soft robotics and adaptive human–machine interfaces.