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<p>The increasing demand for batteries to meet the needs of electric transportation and the storage of renewable energy has driven rapid growth in lithium production. Extracting lithium from brine deposits, which include salt-flat and salt-lake brines, oilfield brines and geothermal brines, offers an important source of sustainable lithium. Commercial lithium extraction often relies on pond evaporation followed by other unit processes such as adsorption, concentration and chemical precipitation. Growing interest has emerged in membrane and electrochemical methods for the selective separation of lithium to enable direct lithium extraction. This Review provides an engineering perspective on the development of direct lithium extraction processes by summarizing the characteristics of major lithium brine sources, treatment trains and unit processes. We introduce the fundamentals of key membrane and electrochemical techniques, which include nanofiltration, electrosorption and electrodialysis, and evaluate their reported performance systematically. We discuss how the separation efficiency depends on the brine composition, operating conditions and material properties, and offer recommendations to advance the development of materials and processes for the broader adoption of membrane and electrochemical approaches in direct lithium extraction.</p><p></p>

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Membrane and electrochemical separations for direct lithium extraction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月14日

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  • Longqian Xu,
  • Bing Zhao,
  • Xudong Zhang,
  • Weifan Liu,
  • Daniel Rau,
  • Deli Wu,
  • Wencai Zhang,
  • Chong Liu,
  • Zhong Liu,
  • Shihong Lin

摘要

The increasing demand for batteries to meet the needs of electric transportation and the storage of renewable energy has driven rapid growth in lithium production. Extracting lithium from brine deposits, which include salt-flat and salt-lake brines, oilfield brines and geothermal brines, offers an important source of sustainable lithium. Commercial lithium extraction often relies on pond evaporation followed by other unit processes such as adsorption, concentration and chemical precipitation. Growing interest has emerged in membrane and electrochemical methods for the selective separation of lithium to enable direct lithium extraction. This Review provides an engineering perspective on the development of direct lithium extraction processes by summarizing the characteristics of major lithium brine sources, treatment trains and unit processes. We introduce the fundamentals of key membrane and electrochemical techniques, which include nanofiltration, electrosorption and electrodialysis, and evaluate their reported performance systematically. We discuss how the separation efficiency depends on the brine composition, operating conditions and material properties, and offer recommendations to advance the development of materials and processes for the broader adoption of membrane and electrochemical approaches in direct lithium extraction.