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<p>Many countries face compounded risks from intensified urban heat islands (UHI) and air pollution. Although stringent aerosol emission controls have improved background air quality, their effects on UHI remain underexplored. Here, using large-ensemble global climate simulations, we show that background aerosol mitigations amplify warm-season surface UHI in humid climates but weaken it in arid regions. Aerosol reductions increase background downward solar radiation and warm both urban and rural surfaces. However, in humid climates, urban warming exceeds rural warming because limited evaporative cooling over impervious surfaces contrasts with increased rainfall, vegetation and evaporative cooling in surrounding rural areas. In arid climates, by contrast, rural warming surpasses urban warming as reduced rainfall and vegetation suppress rural evaporative cooling and ground heat storage relative to cities. These hydroclimate-dependent responses highlight the need to prioritize urban heat mitigation in humid regions to counteract disproportionately rising urban warming risks under continued aerosol reduction and rapid urbanization.</p>

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Divergent surface urban heat island responses to background aerosol mitigation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月19日

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  • Shu Liu,
  • Yuyu Zhou,
  • Lei Zhao,
  • Gerald Mills,
  • Xinchang “Cathy” Li,
  • Hongsheng Zhang,
  • Karen C. Seto,
  • Peng Gong

摘要

Many countries face compounded risks from intensified urban heat islands (UHI) and air pollution. Although stringent aerosol emission controls have improved background air quality, their effects on UHI remain underexplored. Here, using large-ensemble global climate simulations, we show that background aerosol mitigations amplify warm-season surface UHI in humid climates but weaken it in arid regions. Aerosol reductions increase background downward solar radiation and warm both urban and rural surfaces. However, in humid climates, urban warming exceeds rural warming because limited evaporative cooling over impervious surfaces contrasts with increased rainfall, vegetation and evaporative cooling in surrounding rural areas. In arid climates, by contrast, rural warming surpasses urban warming as reduced rainfall and vegetation suppress rural evaporative cooling and ground heat storage relative to cities. These hydroclimate-dependent responses highlight the need to prioritize urban heat mitigation in humid regions to counteract disproportionately rising urban warming risks under continued aerosol reduction and rapid urbanization.