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<p>Dietary shifts pose dual challenges of environmental stress and health risks. When assessing the environmental and health benefits of dietary pattern optimization, existing studies often neglect the impact of heterogeneity on dietary behaviors of residents. Using detailed food consumption data from China, we developed a multi-objective optimization model that incorporated age structure, regional dietary characteristics, and physical activity levels to evaluate the potential of dietary optimization to enhance environmental and health benefits while alleviating health–environment trade-offs. The results showed that the current dietary pattern exhibited relatively low health–environment efficiency with substantial interprovincial disparities. Age-stratified optimization based on the current dietary pattern enhanced environmental benefits by 25.04–39.39% and health benefits by 77.72%, while improving health–environment efficiency by 0.39–0.46 and reducing regional inhomogeneity by 18.88–36.50%. Further optimization of the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (CDG) and Planetary Health Diet (EAT) improved environmental and health outcomes while strengthening health–environment efficiency. Compared with EAT, CDG exhibited greater optimization potential and more opportunities to weaken environment–health trade-offs. These findings demonstrate that incorporating dietary heterogeneity into dietary optimization can strengthen environment–health synergies and facilitate sustainable dietary transitions that benefit both environmental sustainability and public health.</p>

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Dietary pattern optimization accounting for behavioral heterogeneity enhances environment–health synergies

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月31日

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  • Wenxia Sui,
  • Hui Wang,
  • Wen Zhang,
  • Lin Jiang

摘要

Dietary shifts pose dual challenges of environmental stress and health risks. When assessing the environmental and health benefits of dietary pattern optimization, existing studies often neglect the impact of heterogeneity on dietary behaviors of residents. Using detailed food consumption data from China, we developed a multi-objective optimization model that incorporated age structure, regional dietary characteristics, and physical activity levels to evaluate the potential of dietary optimization to enhance environmental and health benefits while alleviating health–environment trade-offs. The results showed that the current dietary pattern exhibited relatively low health–environment efficiency with substantial interprovincial disparities. Age-stratified optimization based on the current dietary pattern enhanced environmental benefits by 25.04–39.39% and health benefits by 77.72%, while improving health–environment efficiency by 0.39–0.46 and reducing regional inhomogeneity by 18.88–36.50%. Further optimization of the Chinese Dietary Guidelines (CDG) and Planetary Health Diet (EAT) improved environmental and health outcomes while strengthening health–environment efficiency. Compared with EAT, CDG exhibited greater optimization potential and more opportunities to weaken environment–health trade-offs. These findings demonstrate that incorporating dietary heterogeneity into dietary optimization can strengthen environment–health synergies and facilitate sustainable dietary transitions that benefit both environmental sustainability and public health.