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<p>Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recalcitrant and bioaccumulative environmental pollutants. Whereas substantial efforts have been made to degrade PFAS, the potential for effectively using these fluoride resources has been overlooked. Here we develop an electrothermal fluorination method to selectively fluorinate brine salts using granular activated carbon (GAC)-sorbed aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) as a fluorination agent. During this process, GAC and PFAS in AFFF are converted to graphene, whereas fluorine atoms are effectively mineralized into metal fluorides. Followed by washing and flash distillation, lithium can be recovered from other alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations in brine (Na<sup>+</sup>, Mg<sup>2+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>) in the form of lithium fluoride, with an ~99% lithium purity and ~82% yield. The recovered lithium fluoride is demonstrated as an additive to stabilize electrolytes and improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis indicate that this process greatly reduces greenhouse gas emissions and costs compared to the industrial lithium extraction method. This highlights the potential of the process to manage pollutants while providing a sustainable lithium supply, and this fluorination strategy shows promise to be extended to other metal extraction processes.</p>

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Waste per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance-assisted flash fluorination for lithium recovery from brine

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Yi Cheng,
  • Alexander E. Lathem,
  • Phelecia Scotland,
  • Qiming Liu,
  • Jinhang Chen,
  • Karla J. Silva,
  • Tianyou Xie,
  • Bowen Li,
  • Youngkun Chung,
  • Ralph Abdel Nour,
  • Jaeho Shin,
  • Lucas Eddy,
  • Carter Kittrell,
  • Haoxin Ye,
  • Shihui Chen,
  • Tengda Si,
  • Obinna E. Onah,
  • Michael S. Wong,
  • Christopher Griggs,
  • James M. Tour

摘要

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are recalcitrant and bioaccumulative environmental pollutants. Whereas substantial efforts have been made to degrade PFAS, the potential for effectively using these fluoride resources has been overlooked. Here we develop an electrothermal fluorination method to selectively fluorinate brine salts using granular activated carbon (GAC)-sorbed aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) as a fluorination agent. During this process, GAC and PFAS in AFFF are converted to graphene, whereas fluorine atoms are effectively mineralized into metal fluorides. Followed by washing and flash distillation, lithium can be recovered from other alkali and alkaline-earth metal cations in brine (Na+, Mg2+, K+, Ca2+) in the form of lithium fluoride, with an ~99% lithium purity and ~82% yield. The recovered lithium fluoride is demonstrated as an additive to stabilize electrolytes and improve the performance of lithium-ion batteries. Life-cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis indicate that this process greatly reduces greenhouse gas emissions and costs compared to the industrial lithium extraction method. This highlights the potential of the process to manage pollutants while providing a sustainable lithium supply, and this fluorination strategy shows promise to be extended to other metal extraction processes.