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<p>Biohybrid robotics combines living components with synthetic materials to create adaptable, responsive robots. This review focuses on bottom-up, tissue-based biohybrid robots-Walkers, Swimmers, Grippers, Pumps, and emerging eBiobots, which use living actuators for various tasks. We explore their design, innovations, and applications, and highlight recent advances in intelligent eBiobots integrating neurons, muscles, biomaterials, and microelectronics. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary progress toward intelligent biomachines for transformative applications in health, medicine, environmental monitoring and beyond.</p>

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Biohybrid living robotics: A comprehensive review of recent advances, technological innovation, and future prospects

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

    开放获取

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月9日

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  • Ali Garmroudi,
  • Md Abdul Kader Tushar,
  • Chang Liu,
  • Zhengwei Li

摘要

Biohybrid robotics combines living components with synthetic materials to create adaptable, responsive robots. This review focuses on bottom-up, tissue-based biohybrid robots-Walkers, Swimmers, Grippers, Pumps, and emerging eBiobots, which use living actuators for various tasks. We explore their design, innovations, and applications, and highlight recent advances in intelligent eBiobots integrating neurons, muscles, biomaterials, and microelectronics. Future directions emphasize interdisciplinary progress toward intelligent biomachines for transformative applications in health, medicine, environmental monitoring and beyond.