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<b>Background</b> <p>Primary health care workers play a vital role in both routine health services and responses to public health emergencies. This study aims to examine long-term changes in work attitudes and burnout among primary health care workers during the years after COVID-19 breakout in Jinan, China.</p> <b>Methods</b> <p>We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of primary health care workers in selected districts of Jinan in August 2020, 2023, 2024, and 2025. Standardised questionnaires measured job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and burnout. A total of 5,535 workers were included across four survey waves. Regression models were used to examine changes over time and associated factors. Principal component analysis was used to identify underlying vulnerability profiles. Matched subsamples were used to compare changes within the same workers across the 2023–2024, 2024–2025, and 2023–2025 periods.</p> <b>Results</b> <p>Here we show that recovery in work attitudes is partial and uneven. Job satisfaction declines in 2023, partly recovers in 2024, and decreases again in 2025, remaining below the 2020 level. Organisational commitment increases from 2020 to 2024 but shows a slight decline in 2025. Burnout remains a persistent concern, with depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion worsening by 2025. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection and newly recruited public health roles are associated with less favourable changes.</p> <b>Conclusions</b> <p>These findings show that the effects of pandemic-related stress continue beyond the acute crisis. Sustained mental health support, stronger organisational resources, and long-term workforce policies are needed to protect primary health care workers and support resilient health systems.</p>

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A longitudinal cross-sectional study of changes in working attitude among primary healthcare workers across the major COVID-19 outbreaks in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Quan Wang,
  • Yingliu Luo,
  • Chao Gong,
  • Yucheng Xing,
  • Hailan Mo,
  • Yumeng Lv,
  • Yaqun Fu,
  • Jiawei Zhang,
  • Zheng Zhu,
  • Runzhi Han,
  • Yixin Qin,
  • Shan Zhang,
  • Bingqian Wang,
  • Mengling Feng,
  • Xia Wei,
  • Jing Guo,
  • Li Yang

摘要

Background

Primary health care workers play a vital role in both routine health services and responses to public health emergencies. This study aims to examine long-term changes in work attitudes and burnout among primary health care workers during the years after COVID-19 breakout in Jinan, China.

Methods

We conducted repeated cross-sectional surveys of primary health care workers in selected districts of Jinan in August 2020, 2023, 2024, and 2025. Standardised questionnaires measured job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and burnout. A total of 5,535 workers were included across four survey waves. Regression models were used to examine changes over time and associated factors. Principal component analysis was used to identify underlying vulnerability profiles. Matched subsamples were used to compare changes within the same workers across the 2023–2024, 2024–2025, and 2023–2025 periods.

Results

Here we show that recovery in work attitudes is partial and uneven. Job satisfaction declines in 2023, partly recovers in 2024, and decreases again in 2025, remaining below the 2020 level. Organisational commitment increases from 2020 to 2024 but shows a slight decline in 2025. Burnout remains a persistent concern, with depersonalisation and emotional exhaustion worsening by 2025. Severe coronavirus disease 2019 infection and newly recruited public health roles are associated with less favourable changes.

Conclusions

These findings show that the effects of pandemic-related stress continue beyond the acute crisis. Sustained mental health support, stronger organisational resources, and long-term workforce policies are needed to protect primary health care workers and support resilient health systems.