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<p>In clinical research, bias is a systematic error that creates a difference between observed and true values. The increasing use of large datasets and artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine necessitates a renewed focus on how such errors can be introduced and propagated.This educational primer provides a consolidated framework of the three primary types of bias&#xa0;selection, information, and confounding/analytical. We synthesize these concepts for an interdisciplinary audience of clinicians and data scientists, using illustrative examples from both traditional clinical trials and modern, data-intensive research. Bias can arise at every stage of the research lifecycle: design, conduct, analysis, reporting, and dissemination. We illustrate how classic issues, such as selection bias (systematic differences between those included and those eligible/targeted, thus distorting effect estimates), manifest in data and how modern analytical methods can introduce novel forms of error if not carefully managed. A shared understanding of bias is essential for effective collaboration between clinical and data science teams. This primer offers a practical conceptual map to help these teams proactively identify, mitigate, and transparently report on potential sources of bias, ultimately fostering more robust and equitable clinical evidence.</p>

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Identifying and mitigating bias in multiple aspects of modern clinical research

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月24日

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  • Geerthy Thambiraj,
  • Antonis A. Armoundas

摘要

In clinical research, bias is a systematic error that creates a difference between observed and true values. The increasing use of large datasets and artificial intelligence (AI) in medicine necessitates a renewed focus on how such errors can be introduced and propagated.This educational primer provides a consolidated framework of the three primary types of bias selection, information, and confounding/analytical. We synthesize these concepts for an interdisciplinary audience of clinicians and data scientists, using illustrative examples from both traditional clinical trials and modern, data-intensive research. Bias can arise at every stage of the research lifecycle: design, conduct, analysis, reporting, and dissemination. We illustrate how classic issues, such as selection bias (systematic differences between those included and those eligible/targeted, thus distorting effect estimates), manifest in data and how modern analytical methods can introduce novel forms of error if not carefully managed. A shared understanding of bias is essential for effective collaboration between clinical and data science teams. This primer offers a practical conceptual map to help these teams proactively identify, mitigate, and transparently report on potential sources of bias, ultimately fostering more robust and equitable clinical evidence.